Contributors Notes

JOURNALS
Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives
Canadian Woman Studies/les cahiers de la femme
Development
Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy
International Feminist Journal of Politics

Abdo, Nahla and Lentin, Ronit, eds.
Women and the Politics of Military Confrontation: Palestinian and Israeli Gendered Narratives of Dislocation
New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2002, ISBN: 1 57181 459 0, 336 pp.
Based on the (auto)biographical narratives of Jewish and Palestinian women, this collection seeks to provide more nuanced understandings of the Middle East conflict. Each of the essays captures the sense of social, cultural, national, and gender dislocation that characterise this conflict.

Addis, Elizabetta, Valeria E. Russo, and Lorenza Sebesta, eds.
Women Soldiers: Images and Realities
New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1994, ISBN: 0 312 12704 5, 190 pp.
In this interdisciplinary study of female military service, based on case studies from Libya, Italy, and the first Gulf War, contributors look at how women fare in masculine, authoritarian armed forces; how their presence affects the military; and at the economic consequences of excluding women from military institutions. The book calls for an active policy of integrating women into a military that is willing to accommodate their needs and values.

Anderlini, Sanam Naraghi
Women at the Peace Table: Making a Difference
New York, NY: UNIFEM, 2000, ISBN: 0 967950 20 1, 71 pp.
This document argues for the full inclusion of women in peace processes, asserting that their absence from negotiations is likely to undermine democracy and the development of society at large. Drawing on interviews with a range of women peace leaders, the author highlights strategies women have employed to make a positive contribution to peacebuilding efforts.

Bayard de Volo, Lorraine
Mothers of Heroes and Martyrs: Gender Identity Politics in Nicaragua, 1979-1999
Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, ISBN: 0801867649, 304 pp.
Through her analysis of a women’s group formed to support the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua - the Mothers of Heroes and Martyrs of Matagalpa – Bayard de Volo explores ‘the dominant but rarely examined maternal identity politics of revolution, war, and democratization’. The author shows how both sides of the civil conflict mobilised mothers and images of motherhood in an effort to win over ordinary Nicaraguans to their cause. While the mobilisation of such identities propelled women into unprecedented levels of collective action, it also channelled them away from feminist priorities.

Bennett, Olivia, Jo Bexley, and Kitty Warnock, eds.
Arms to Fight, Arms to Protect: Women Speak Out About Conflict
London: Panos Institute, 1995, ISBN: 1 870670 36 1, 282 pp.
This collection of testimonies concerning the psychological and physical damage of war, and the battle for economic survival, illustrates that women’s experiences are not uniform: they can be fighters, participants, refugees, victims caught between warring factions, and peace builders, as well as relatives of the dead and disappeared. The book also explores women’s efforts to rebuild their lives and communities once conflict has subsided.

Breines, Ingebord, Dorota Gierycz, and Betty Reardon, eds.
Towards a Women’s Agenda for a Culture of Peace
Paris: UNESCO, 1999, ISBN: 92 3 103559 2, 265 pp.
Part I of this edited volume explores the problems associated with the role(s) of women in war, peace, and security. Part II provides gendered critiques of peace and security policies and practices, while the chapters in Part III highlight the roles that women have played in different aspects of peacebuilding.

BRIDGE: development – gender
Cutting Edge Pack on Gender & Armed Conflict
Brighton: BRIDGE/Institute of Development Studies, 2003
This pack explores the links between armed conflict and gender inequality and discusses strategies to address these inequalities in working for long-term peace. It includes an Overview Report highlighting key issues; a Supporting Resources Collection with summaries of resources, case studies, tools, training materials, websites, and networking details; and relevant articles featured in BRIDGE’s bulletin In Brief. Available free of charge at www.ids.ac.uk/bridge. Other relevant publications include Bridget Byrne (1995) Gender, Conflict and Development: Volume I--Overview, BRIDGE REPORT 34, and Bridget Byrne et al. (1996) Gender, Conflict and Development: Volume II. Case Studies: Cambodia, Rwanda, Kosova, Somalia, Algeria, Guatemala and Eritrea, BRIDGE REPORT 35.

Corrin, Chris, ed.
Women in a Violent World: Feminist Analyses and Resistance across Europe
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0 7486 0804 4, 256 pp.
This book offers a feminist analysis of the ways in which women experience male violence in various situations across Europe, including displacement, conflict, and war, and makes connections between violence at the local or ‘domestic’ level and violence in national and international contexts. Contributors call for public resources to be provided for women who survive violent situations, for protective legislation, and for educational programmes and public awareness campaigns.

Date-Bah, Eugenia, Martha Walsh et al.
Gender and Armed Conflicts: Challenges for Decent Work, Gender Equity, and Peace Building Agendas, InFocus Programme Crisis Response and Reconstruction Working Paper 2,
Geneva: ILO, 2001, ISBN: 92 2 11246 X, 80 pp.
This document synthesises research and insights based on several country studies undertaken by the ILO between 1996 and 2000. It is intended to guide policy making and effective gender-sensitive programming, as well as to further debate on women and gender issues in the wake of armed conflict. Available free of charge at: www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/recon/crisis/download/criswp2.pdf

El Bushra, Judy, Asha El-Karib, and Angela Hadjipateras
‘Gender-Sensitive Programme Design and Planning in Conflict-Affected Situations’
London: Acord, 2002, ISBN: NA, 9 pp.
This research report outlines the findings of an Acord project carried out in Angola, Eritrea, Mali, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Somalia, and Uganda in 2000-2001 to enhance gender awareness in the design and management of development programmes in conflict-torn areas. The report, as well as all annexes on case studies and methodology, are available free of charge at: www.acord.org.uk/Publications/G&CResearch/

Farhat-Naser, Sumaya (translated from German by Hilary Kilpatrick)
Daughter of the Olive Trees: A Palestinian Woman’s Struggle for Peace
Basel: Lenos Verlag, 2003, ISBN: N/A, 220 pp.
Writing in a context of escalating violence with little prospect of sustainable peace, Farhat-Naser provides insights into Palestinian society, its political and social structures, and the problems of its leadership. The author gives an insider’s account of the everyday efforts undertaken by Palestinian and Israeli women to achieve peace and justice, and documents ambitious dialogues and conflictual discussions.

Fitzsimmons, Tracy
Beyond the Barricades: Women, Civil Society, and Participation after Democratization in Latin America
Hamden, CT: Garland Science, 2000, ISBN: 0 8153 3736 1, 205 pp.
This book explores the role of civil society in bringing an end to authoritarian rule in Latin America by tracing the levels and arenas of organised participation among women both before and after ‘democratisation’. The author maintains that women have been surprised to discover that democracies do not necessarily yield greater gender equality or more opportunities for participation than did the dictatorships they replaced.

Giles, Wenona and Jennifer Hyndman
Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004, ISBN: 0 520 23791 9, 357 pp.
The rules of war in contemporary conflicts have broken down distinctions between battlefield and home, and between soldier and civilian. In this book, international feminist scholars examine the gendered and racialised dimensions of these changes, and what happens when the body, household, nation, state, and economy become sites of violence, particularly against women. Case studies include the gendered politics of ethno-nationalism in Israel and Palestine, Sri Lanka, and the post-Yugoslav states; ‘honour killings’ in Iraqi Kurdistan; armed conflict in Sudan; and geographies of violence in Ghana.

Goldstein, Joshua S.
War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN: 0 5218 0716 6, 540 pp.
This amply illustrated book explores the dynamic relationship between gender and war. The author analyses possible explanations for the near-total absence of women from combat forces over time and across cultures, and explores the history of women fighters, the complex role of testosterone in men’s social behaviours, and the construction of masculinity and femininity in the shadow of war.

Guzman Bouvard, Marguerite
Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo
Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002, ISBN: 0 8420 2487 5, 278 pp.
Agentina’s ‘Dirty War’ in the 1970s was prosecuted through the abduction, torture, and disappearance of tens of thousands of civilians. Braving a similar fate, women calling themselves Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo organised to demand information about their children’s whereabouts and to spotlight the flagrant violations of human rights. This book traces the Mothers’ history and examines how they transformed maternity from a passive, domestic role to one of public strength. See also the ‘Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo’ entry in the Organisations section.

Harvey, Neil
‘The Zapatistas, Radical Democratic Citizenship, and Women’s Struggles’, Social Politics, 5(2) (Summer 1998), pp. 158-187.
This article uses social movement theory and discourse analysis to discuss the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas. Paying particular attention to the gender-based claims of indigenous women within the movement, Harvey argues that the Chiapas uprising has challenged conventional theories of democracy and citizenship.

Jacobs, Susie, Jacobsen, Ruth, and Marchbank, Jennifer, eds.
States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance
London: Zed Books, 2000, ISBN: 1 85649 656 2, 243 pp.
This book explores gendered violence across layers of social and political organisation, from the military to the sexual, and makes connections between global processes, conflict at the state and community levels, and domestic violence. The contributions look at women as fighters and peace builders, and explore the nature of the public/private divide in the realm of gendered violence.

Kampwirth, Karen
Women and Guerrilla Movements: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas, Cuba
University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2002, ISBN: 0 271 02185 3, 194 pp.
Based on extensive interviews, this book focuses on the women who participated in the revolutionary movements in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and the Zapatista insurrection in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The author examines the factors that allowed these women to escape the constraints of their traditional roles to become guerrilla fighters. The final chapter contrasts these experiences with what happened in the Cuban revolution, in which relatively few women participated. Kampwirth is also editor, with Victoria González, of Radical Women in Latin America – Left and Right (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2001).

Kasic, Bilijana, ed.
Women and the Politics of Peace: Contributions to a Culture of Women’s Resistance
Zagreb: Center for Women’s Studies, 1997, ISBN: 9 5397 4140 8, 155 pp.
Drawing on case studies from Central and Eastern Europe, contributors represent diverse voices and perspectives on women and peace, pacifism, violence, and international security in a context of war.

Kumar, Krishna, ed.
Women and Civil War: Impact, Organizations, and Action
Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001, ISBN: 1 58826 046 1, 253 pp.
This book analyses the impact of civil wars on women and gender relations and the different ways in which women have responded. Contributors explore how such wars have affected women’s economic, social, and political roles; what types of women’s organisations have emerged to promote reconstruction and protect women’s rights; and the kind of assistance provided by donor agencies to support women’s organising.

Lentin, Ronit, ed.
Gender and Catastrophe
London: Zed Books, 1997, ISBN: 1 8564 9446 5, 282 pp.
With contributions from feminist scholars and activists, this anthology explores the many ways in which violence has been directed at women. Looking at how women are targeted as ethnic subjects in extreme situations such as war, genocide, mass rape, and ‘ethnic cleansing’, the book suggests alternative frameworks to analyse events that range from the 1994 Rwandan massacre to reproductive health policies in Tibet.

Luciak, Ilja
After the Revolution: Gender and Democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala
Bethesda, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, ISBN: 0 8018 6780 0, 336 pp.
This book traces the transformation of women guerrilla fighters in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua into mainstream political players in the democratisation process. While women each country contributed greatly to the revolutionary struggle, their political effectiveness varied significantly once hostilities ended. Luciak considers that women in Guatemala were the least successful in incorporating women’s rights into the national agenda for change under the new regime, while women in El Salvador were the most effective.

Manchanda, Rita, ed.
Women, War and Peace in South Asia: Beyond Victimhood to Agency
Delhi: Sage, 2001, ISBN: 81 7829 018 9, 304 pp.
This book develops a gender analysis of conflict in South Asia, emphasising women’s varied roles in war and their capacity to become agents of social transformation. At one end of the spectrum is the Woman of Violence, symbolised by the Armed Virgin of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (the Tamil Tigers); at the other, the Woman of Peace, embedded in the Naga Mothers’ Association struggle for the independence of Nagaland. A recurrent theme is that of ‘loss and gain’: while protracted conflict opens up new spaces for women, nationalistic projects circumscribe their autonomy by casting them in their traditional role of community guardians.

Matthew, Jenny
Women and War
London: Pluto Press in association with ActionAid, 2003, ISBN: 0 7453 2073 2, 192 pp.
This photographic tribute to women in times of war is organised by themes including women’s relationship to war as mothers, exile, and the opportunities afforded to women in times of war, the images capture the many roles women play, be it watching, avoiding, coping, confronting, or participating. Each photograph carries an accompanying diary entry that tells the story behind it.

Meintjes, Sheila, Anu Pillay, and Meredeth Turshen, eds.
The Aftermath in Post-conflict Transformation
London: Zed Books, 2002, ISBN: 1 84277 066 7, 224 pp.
The contributors to this volume argue that the end of conflict does not mean an end to violence against women. The struggle to transform patriarchal gender relations cannot be postponed until the post-war period but must be undertaken during the conflict itself. The book explores how transitions from war to peace and from authoritarian to democratic politics can be used as opportunities for social transformation.

Mertus, Julie A.
War’s Offensive on Women: The Humanitarian Challenge in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan
Bloomsfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2000, ISBN: 1-56549-117-3, 176 pp.
Drawing on case studies from Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Kosovo, Mertus argues that humanitarian efforts to assist women will be successful only if they incorporate those very women in every aspect of their work. The author also explores how international human rights law has begun to address gender-based violence, and how agencies can make use of these developments to better protect women.

Moghadam, Valentine M., ed.
Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies London: Zed Books, 1994, ISBN: 1 85649 246 X, 180 pp.
This collection explores gender and national identity within political movements in the Middle East, the Maghreb, and South Asia and argues that since nationalism, revolution, and Islamisation are gendered processes, women are central to efforts to construct a national identity in periods of political change. The case studies include Algerian women’s experience in the national liberation movement; events leading to revolution and Islamisation in Iran; revolution and civil war in Afghanistan; and the Palestinian intifada.

Moser, Caroline O.N. and Fiona Clark, eds.
Victims, Perpetrators or Actors: Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence
London: Zed Books, 2001, ISBN: 1 8564 9898 0, 208 pp.
This book analyses the gendered nature of armed conflict and political violence, seeking to deepen understanding of the changing roles and power relations between women and men during such circumstances. Through wide-ranging case studies, contributors address issues such as the complex and interrelated stages of conflict and peace; gendered expressions of violence and of conflict and peace; and the role of women’s organisations in conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna, ed.
Women, Violence and War: Wartime Victimization of Refugees in the Balkans
Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000, ISBN: 963 9116 60 2, 300 pp.
Based on interviews with female refugees from the former Yugoslavia, this book portrays the experiences these women had endured, including sexual, physical, and psychological violence, as well as problems of confinement, upheaval, and family separation. Contributors emphasise that violence against women in war is not independent of peacetime abuse and the imbalance of power between the sexes.

Randall, Margaret
Sandino’s Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle
Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995, ISBN: 0 8135 2214 5, 252 pp.
Believing that their own liberation was inextricably linked to that of the Nicaraguan nation, many of the women who became involved in the Sandinista revolutionary movement, some of whose stories are recounted in this book, came to experience the personal becoming the political in their struggle against the Somoza dictatorship. Randall is also author of When I look into the Mirror and See You: Women, Terror, and Resistance (Rutgers University Press, 2002), which chronicles the experiences of two Central American women who survived their abduction by Honduran security forces in the 1980s.

Reed, Betsy, ed.
Nothing Sacred: Women Respond to Religious Fundamentalism and Terror
New York, NY: Nation Books, 2002, ISBN: 1 5602 5450 5, 433 pp.
Feminist authors and activists examine the ways in which fundamentalism is linked to discrimination and violence against women in countries including Algeria, India, Iran, Israel, and the USA. In particular, they ask whether there is a ‘clash of civilisations’ between Islam and the West, or rather clashes within civilisations, such as the longstanding struggle between feminists and Christian fundamentalists in the USA.

Rehn, Elisabeth and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Women, War, Peace: The Independent Experts’ Assessment of the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building
Progress of the World’s Women 2002, Volume One
New York, NY: UNIFEM, 155 pp.
Based on extensive interviews with people in conflict areas, this report analyses the impact of war on women and women’s contributions to reconciliation. Issues covered include the gender dimensions of violence and displacement, and the need to encourage women’s participation in peacebuilding. The report concludes with recommendations on how to better protect and empower women. Available free of charge at: www.unifem.undp.org/resources/assessment/

Rojas, Rosa, ed.
Chiapas, ¿Y las mujeres qué?
Mexico City: Ediciones del Taller Editorial La Correa Feminista, 1995, 287 pp.
Contributors to this volume argue that the marginalisation of women in the Mexican state of Chiapas is closely linked to the unjust conditions that led to the Zapatista uprising, but that women remain invisible within the Zapatista cause. Adding ‘gender’ demands to a list of grievances, as they believe the EZLN has done, amounts only to ‘a partial declaration of good intentions’ unless women’s issues are given due priority. Available in English free of charge at www.eco.utexas.edu/Homepages/Faculty/Cleaver/begin.html.

Russell, Diana E. H.
Lives of Courage: Women for a New South Africa
New York, NY: Basic Books, 1989, ISBN: 0 4650 4139 6, 384 pp.
Based on interviews with 24 women activists in South Africa, this book provides a first-hand account of the role that women played in the struggle against apartheid. Across divides of skin colour or age, the women speak of the price they and their families had to pay for their activism, of the difficulties they encountered as women in a racist and sexist society, of the terrors they had to endure, and of their dreams for a new South Africa.

Sajor, Indai Lourdes, ed.
Common Grounds: Violence against Women in War and Armed Conflict Situations
Quezon City: Asian Center for Women’s Human Rights, 1998
Contributors to this volume identify the different types of violence directed at women in times of war; provide a statistical analysis of the violations against women; assess the capacity of women groups to protect women’s rights during conflict; and explore legal strategies to defend women in both national and international courts.

Sharratt, Sara and Ellyn Kaschak, eds.
Assault on the Soul: Women in the Former Yugoslavia
Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1999
This collection of contributions by lawyers, activists, and health professionals examines the psychological and legal aspects of women in armed conflict. Recording the experiences of ordinary women and children in such situations, it highlights the significance of women’s achievement in getting gender-based abuse recognised as a war crime.

Smith-Ayala, Emilie
The Granddaughters of Ixmuncané: Guatemalan Women Speak
Toronto: Women’s Press, 1991, ISBN: 0-88961-169-6, 255 pp.
Guatemala’s 37-year war was characterised by extreme brutality, particularly against the Mayan population. This book is based on interviews with over 30 women activists, indigenous and ladina, describing their experiences of war and their vision for the future: chapters cover rural women and subsistence farmers; Christian nuns and lay-workers; women in human rights groups; women trade unionists; feminists and members of women’s organisations; and women guerrilla fighters. A reflection by Nobel Peace laureate Rigoberta Menchú concludes the volume.

Sorensen, Birgitte
Women and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Issues and Sources
War-torn Societies Project Occasional Paper No. 3
Geneva: UNRISD, 1998, ISBN: N/A, 88 pp.
A critical review of the early literature concerning the issues that frequently afflict women in situations of armed conflict and its aftermath, the paper is organised around four topics: political reconstruction, economic reconstruction, social reconstruction, and a consideration of conceptual and analytical frameworks. Available free of charge at: www.unrisd.org.

Stiglmayer, Alexandra, ed.
Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1994, ISBN: 0 8032 9229 5,
232 pp.
Originally published in Germany in 1993, this book includes one of the first formal accounts of the magnitude of the atrocities which were committed in the former Yugoslavia. Written before disclosures of systematic rapes in the Balkan wars had become public knowledge, the book contains interviews both with rape-survivors and with some of the rapists, and offers a legal, psychological, and historical framework for preventing any recurrence of such outrages and ensuring timely intervention and vigorous prosecution of the perpetrators.

Sweetman, Caroline, ed.
Gender, Development, and Humanitarian Work
Focus on Gender series, Oxford, Oxfam GB, 2001, ISBN: 0 88598 457 0,
98 pp.
Based on an issue of the journal Gender and Development, this collection focuses on the different ways in which armed conflict affects women and men, and on women’s involvement in peacebuilding, with brief case studies on the Balkans, Kyrgyzstan, and Nicaragua. Other books in the series include Violence against Women (ed. Caroline Sweetman, 1998) Women and Emergencies (ed. Bridget Walker, 1994), and Women and Conflict (ed. Helen O’Connell, 1993).

Tadesse, Z.
African Women’s Report 1998
Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Africa: Gender Perspective
Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 1999, 76 pp.
This report presents a historically grounded analysis of the root causes of conflicts in Africa, examines the changing nature of gender roles in political, economic, and social reconstruction after conflicts have subsided, and identifies gender-balanced strategies that can be replicated as ‘innovative experiences’.

Turpin, Jennifer and Lois Ann Lorentzen, eds.
The Women and War Reader
New York, NY: NUY Press, 1998, ISBN: 0814751458, 415 pp.
Challenging essentialist, class-based, and ethnocentric analyses of war and conflict, this volume addresses questions of ethnicity, citizenship, women’s agency, policy making, women and the war complex, peacemaking, and aspects of motherhood. It includes case studies from Afghanistan, India, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Iran, Mexico, Nicaragua, Northern Ireland, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and the former Yugoslavia. See also, by the same editors, The Gendered New World: Militarism, Development, and the Environment (Routledge, 1996), which looks at the connections between militarisation, environmental degradation, and women’s rights.

Turshen, Meredeth and Clotilde Twagiramariya, eds.
What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa
London: Zed Books, 1998, ISBN: 1 85649 538 8, 180 pp.
In a mixture of reportage, testimony, and scholarship, this book analyses the experiences of women in civil wars in Africa, as combatants as well as victims, and describes the groups they have organised in the aftermath. Contributors include women from Chad, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, and Sudan.

UNDP
Gender Approaches in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations
New York, NY: UNDP, 2002, 32 pp.
Charting the shift from aid programmes in which women are treated as an afterthought towards more gender-aware approaches, this manual is designed to support and strengthen the capacity of practitioners working in conflict and post-conflict situations to mainstream gender into intervention strategies. It also provides tools for gender mainstreaming, practical advice on how to conduct gender analysis, and includes a CD-ROM detailing various legal and policy instruments. Available free of charge at www.undp.org/gender/docs/gendermanualfinalBCPR.pdf.

UNESCO
Women Say No to War
Paris: UNESCO, 1999, 82 pp.
This collection of photographs was inspired by the slogan of the NGO Forum at the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing to ‘See the world through women’s eyes’. The images are accompanied by comments by leading representatives of the peace movement, and portray the impact of war on women, women’s resistance, and their efforts to build peace.

Waller, Marguerite and Jennifer Rycenga, eds.
Frontline feminisms: Women, war, and resistance
London: Routledge, 2000, ISBN: 0815334427, 472 pp.
This edited volume explores women’s politics and resistance to war and militarism in an international context. Contributors look at the experiences of local women’s groups that have emerged against war, militarisation, and political domination in places as varied as Iran, Israel, Kosovo, the Palestinian territories, and Sudan. Some contributions are memoirs, while others are historical accounts or critical essays.

Zimbabwe Women Writers, ed.
Women of Resilience: The Voices of Women Ex-Combatants
Oxford: African Books Collective, 2000, ISBN: 0 7974 2002 9, 193 pp.
While the role of men in Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle has been well documented, women’s contributions have been largely ignored. Here, nine women ex-combatants relate their experiences, testifying to the vital importance of women fighters in this war.

Zur, Judith N.
Violent Memories: Mayan War Widows in Guatemala
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000, ISBN: 0 8133 2799 7, 288 pp.
Based on her 1988-1990 fieldwork, Zur examines the impact of political violence on one indigenous Mayan village, focusing in particular on the processes of fragmentation and realignment in a community undergoing rapid and violent change. The author relates these local, social, cultural, and psychological phenomena to the impact of the war on the lives of war widows, for whom ‘remembering’ is not simply the recollection of the past, but a process allowing them to discover new possibilities for action and for reshaping their own positions in society.

JOURNALS
Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives
Published twice yearly by Conciliation Resources
Editor: Andy Carl. ISSN: 1365 0742
http://www.c-r.org/accord/index.shtml
This journal analyses peacebuilding processes in conflict areas with each issue focusing on a specific country or process and usually including articles exploring the topic from a gender perspective. Recent relevant articles include Lorraine Garasu (2002) ‘The role of women in promoting peace and reconciliation’, and Jusu-Sheriff (2000) ‘Sierra Leonian Women and the Peace Process’. Available online free of charge; paid print subscriptions are also available.

Canadian Woman Studies/les cahiers de la femme
Published quarterly by Inanna Publications and Education Inc.
Editor-in-Chief: Luciana Ricciutelli. ISSN: 0713 3235
www.yorku.ca/cwscf/issues/conflict.html
The Winter 2000 issue (Volume 19, no. 4) of this journal on current feminist research and writing is on Women in Conflict Zones and includes articles on women’s organisations mobilising for peace, state-sanctioned violence against women, and attempts at political reconciliation in many different settings. In addition to book reviews, there is also a section on poetry.

Development
Published quarterly by Sage on behalf of the Society for International Development
Editor: Wendy Harcourt. ISSN: 1011-6370
www.sidint.org/journal/
A thematic journal with a strong feminist focus, which aims to be a point of reference for the dialogue between activists and intellectuals committed to working for a sustainable and just world. Relevant issues include: People’s Peace Movements (Volume 43, no. 3, September 2000), and Violence Against Women and the Culture of Masculinity (Volume 44, no.3, September 2001).

Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy
Published quarterly by Indiana University Press
Editor: Hilde Lindemann Nelson. ISSN: 0887-5367
www.iupjournals.org
A journal of scholarly research at the intersection of philosophy and women’s studies, Hypatia regularly runs themed issues, which are also available separately. Of particular relevance is Feminism and Peace (Volume 9, no.2, Spring 1994), which includes essays on feminism and the just war theory, national identity, and collective responsibility for rape.

International Feminist Journal of Politics
Published three times a year by Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Editors: Jan Jindy Pettman, Kathleen B Jones, Gillian Youngs, and Rehka Pande. ISSN: 1461-6742
www.tandf.co.uk/journals
An interdisciplinary journal of scholarly research at the intersection of politics, international relations, and women’s studies which seeks to initiate enquiry and promote debate. The themed issue Gender in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies (Volume 3, no.1, 2001) contains papers by leading feminists including Chris Corrin, Lene Hansen, Ruth Jacoboson, Azza Karam, Julie Mertus, and Marguerite Waller.

LEADING EXPERTS IN THE FIELD
Cynthia Cockburn
A feminist researcher and visiting professor in the Sociology Department at the City University London, Cockburn’s work focuses on armed conflict and rocesses of alliance and peacebuilding. Recent publications include The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict (New York, NY: Zed Books, 1998) and The Postwar Moment: Military, Masculinities, and International Peacekeeping in Bosnia and the Netherlands (edited with Dubravka Zarkov, London: Lawrence & Wishart 2002).

Miriam Cooke
A Professor of Modern Arabic Literature and Culture at Duke University, Cooke’s work focuses on war, gender, and Islam in the post-colonial Arab world. Recent publications include Gendering War Talk (edited with Angela Woollacott, Princeton, NJ: 1993), War’s Other Voices: Women Writers on theLebanese Civil War (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996), and Women and the War Story (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997). Her work Hayati, My Life. A Novel (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000) is a fictional narrative about three generations of Palestinian women whose lives are torn apart by war, rape, dispossession, and poverty.

Cynthia Enloe
Professor Emeritus in the Government Department at Clark University, Enloe’s work has focused on the ways in which militarising processes (local and international) serve to privilege men and certain forms of masculinity, and continue to do so even in ‘post conflict’ situations. Her research also traces the thinking and strategies of women activists working to create cultures and policies that challenge ongoing militarisation. Relevant publications include Does Khaki Become You? (London: Pluto Press, 1983), Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990), The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley, CA: University of alifornia Press, 1993), and Manoeuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (Berkeley 2000).

Development Methods and Approaches: Critical Reflections
Eade, Deborah (ed.) Oxford: Oxfam (2003) ISBN: 0 85598 494 5,
292 pp.
BOOKS -BACKGROUND READING
BOOKS - INFORMATION GATHERING AND RESEARCH
BOOKS - ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING
BOOKS - MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT
BOOKS - PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
BOOKS - GENDER ANALYSIS AND PLANNING
BOOKS - ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
BOOKS - MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIPS
BOOKS - HUMANITARIAN AND EMERGENCY RELIEF WORK

BACKGROUND READING
Chang, Ha-Joon: Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in
Historical Perspective, London: Anthem Press, 2002, ISBN: 1 84 331027 9,
187 pp.
In this controversial book, Chang argues that developed countries
did not become rich by adopting the ‘good practices’ and the ‘good
institutions’ that they now present to poorer countries as the essential
basis for development. He maintains that the industrialised nations are
in this way ‘kicking away the ladder’ by which they climbed to the top,
preventing the developing world from applying the very policies and
institutions upon which they themselves had relied in order to develop.

Dichter, Thomas: Despite Good Intentions: Why Development Assistance
to the Third World has Failed, Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press, ISBN: 1 55849 393 X
The author, himself a veteran aid-agency worker, surveys the history of
development assistance from 1945, which has been premised on the
belief that the industrialised countries could in some way engineer the
acceleration of history in the less-developed world. He argues that the
enterprise is internally flawed: the vast differences in power between
the donors and recipients of aid, and the organisational imperatives to
show ‘results’, conspire to keep the development industry in business
and the unequal relationships intact. If the goal is for aid recipients to
become autonomous, free of external control, then the first step has to
be to reduce and not increase development assistance, since this serves
principally to consolidate the power of the ‘helpers’. For a full review,
see Development in Practice 13(4).

Escobar, Arturo: Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking
of the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994,
ISBN: 0 691 00102 2, 320 pp.
In this now classic presentation of post-development thought, Escobar
offers a challenging critique of development discourse and practice,
arguing that development policies deployed by the West to ‘assist’
impoverished countries are in effect self-reinforcing mechanisms of
control that are just as pervasive and effective as colonialism was in
earlier years. To capture the production of knowledge and power in
development initiatives, Escobar uses case studies which illustrate
how peasants, women, and nature, for instance, become objects of
knowledge and targets of power under the ‘gaze of experts’. He
concludes with a discussion of alternative visions for a postdevelopment
era.

Ferguson, James:The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1994, ISBN: 0 8166 2437 2, 320 pp.
Based on a case study of a development project in Lesotho, this classic
work is a searing critique of the development industry as a whole.
The ‘anti-politics machine’ refers to the process through which outside
‘development’ agencies and experts wilfully turn the political realities
of poverty and powerlessness into ‘technical’ problems which require
an equally technical solution. Using an anthropological approach, the
author analyses the institutional framework within which development
projects are crafted, revealing how it is that, despite all the ‘expertise’
that goes into formulating them, these projects often betray a startling
arrogance and deep ignorance of the historical and political realities of
the communities whom they are intended to help.

Fisher, William F. and Thomas Ponniah (eds.): Another World is Possible: Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum, London: Zed, 2003, ISBN: 1 8427 7329 1, 320 pp.
The World Social Forum has swiftly become the focal meeting point
for a diverse group of activists, practitioners, and analysts to identify
alternatives to the current international economic system. This book is
a compilation of some of the most cogent and constructive thinking
by groups of indigenous people, trade unions, environmentalists,
women’s organisations, church groups, and students, among others,
on issues concerning growth and equity, social justice, environmental
sustainability, the importance of civil society and public space, new
forms of democracy, and ethical political action.

Harriss, John: Depoliticizing Development: The World Bank and Social
Capital, London: Anthem Press, 2002, ISBN: 1 84331 049 X, 149 pp.
Since the publication of Robert Putnam’s work on the subject in 1994,
social capital has been proclaimed by the World Bank and other
multilateral institutions as the ‘missing link’ in international development.
Harriss provides a meticulous critique of the concept of social
capital, arguing that the Bank has embraced it precisely because it
neatly sidelines issues of class relations and power. Social capital has
thus been used in the dominant discourse as a tool to depoliticise
development.

Howell, Jude and Jenny Pearce: Civil Society and Development: A Critical Exploration, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001, ISBN: 1 58826 095 X, 267 pp.
This book explores the complex relationship between civil society, the
State, and the market in the context of democratic development.
Drawing on case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the
authors attempt to establish a common understanding of those key
concepts and to clarify what the ‘strengthening’ of civil society, so often
advocated by development agencies, may mean in practice.

Ibister, John: Promises Not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change in the
Third World, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2003, ISBN: 1 56549 173 4,
272 pp.
Now in its sixth edition, this classic text explores the links between the
North and the South, and, more broadly, the issues of international
poverty, in the context of a new US hegemony and the war on terrorism,
post-11 September 2001. The author also surveys the prospects for
justice in an increasingly globalised world.

Ibister, John: Capitalism and Justice: Envisioning Social and Economic
Fairness, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2001, ISBN: 1 56549 122 X,
272 pp.
Can a capitalist economic system be a just one? How big a spread in
incomes between the rich and the poor, for example, is consistent with
social justice? And what commitment should a rich country like the
USA make to foreign aid? In this book, Ibister addresses these and
related questions, challenging readers to think creatively about the
meaning of justice and how it can work towards social and economic
fairness within the boundaries of capitalism.

Kaplan, Allan: Development Practitioners and Social Process: Artists of
the Invisible, London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2002, ISBN:
0 7453 1019 2, 214 pp.
Kaplan views social development as a complex process of social
transformation, not a technical operation. Drawing on his extensive
experience as a development consultant in Africa and Europe, he
argues that intentional social change is possible, and that learning is
the path to self-discovery and self-awareness, ‘enabl[ing] both the
organism and the world with which it interacts to be lifted to a new level
of existence’. See also The Development Practitioners’ Handbook.

Martinussen, John: Society, State, and Market: A Guide to Competing
Theories of Development, London: Zed Books, 1997, ISBN: 1 85649 442 X,
400 pp.
Intended as an introductory textbook to development theory, this
provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary picture of development
research since the 1950s, with a particular focus on the
contributions of Southern intellectuals. The author presents a critical
overview of some of the most important theoretical approaches and
current debates in the field, including explanations of economic
development and underdevelopment, the role of the State as an engine
of growth, and the complex links that exist between civil society and
development. For a full review, see Development in Practice 8(1).

Momsen, Janet Henshall: Gender and Development, London:
Routledge, 2003, ISBN: 0 4152 6689 0, 216 pp.
Based on years of fieldwork, this accessible textbook underscores the
importance of gender dynamics in development. The book contains
many reader-friendly features, including case studies drawn from
countries in Eastern and Central Europe, Asia, and Latin America,
learning objectives for each chapter, discussion questions, annotated
guides to further reading and websites, and numerous maps and
photographs.

Rahnema, Majid with Victoria Bawtree (eds.): The Post-Development Reader, London: Zed Books, 1997, 1 8564 9474 8, 464 pp.
With contributions from leading scholars and activists from around
the world, this volume presents some of the most critical thinking
on development in recent years. Contributors both challenge the
mainstream development paradigm and offer many innovative ideas
for how to generate more humane and culturally and ecologically
respectful development alternatives.

Sen, Amartya: Development as Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999, ISBN: 0 19 829758 0, 382 pp.
In many ways a summation of Sen’s work over the past decade, this
book argues that economic development needs to be understood as a
means to extending freedoms rather than as an end in itself. In his
view, the ‘overarching objective’ of development is to maximise
people’s ‘capabilities’ – their freedom to ‘lead the kind of lives they
value, and have reason to value’. The author also considerably expands
the definition of development beyond a focus on material wealth to
include issues related to inequality, tyranny, political structures,
gender, and lack of opportunity and individual rights

Thomas, Darryl C.: The Theory and Practice of Third World Solidarity,
Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001, ISBN: 0 275 92843 8, 344 pp.
This book examines the development of Third World solidarity as
a reaction to the historic hegemony of the industrialised world. The
author focuses on four generations of growing solidarity among
developing countries: Afro-Asianism in the 1950s, non-alignment
during the Cold War, the South vs the North in the 1970s, and
South–South dialogue during the era of global restructuring in the
1980s and 1990s.

Tornquist, Olle: Politics and Development: A Critical Introduction,
London: Sage, 1999, ISBN 0 761 95934 3, 208 pp.
In this comprehensive introduction to the principal analytical
approaches used in political science, and their application to the study
of Third World politics and development, the author presents a critical
overview of the main schools of thought and illustrates how readers can
develop their own analytical frameworks and perspectives.

UNDP: Human Development Report
The UNDP’s annual Human Development Report was launched in
1990 as a counterweight to the World Development Report of the World
Bank, which was viewed as focusing on economic issues to the
exclusion of human and social development. The Bank’s policies
(particularly in the ‘lost decade’ of the 1980s) were having a detrimental
effect on many developing countries, in part because of this neglect.
Each HDR is thematic; topics have included gender, information
technology, and human rights. The 2002 issue was entitled Deepening
Democracy in a Fragmented World. UNDP has developed a range of
economic and social measures in order to rank countries according to
human development (the Human Development Index) and gender
equity (the Gender Development Index) among other criteria. These
indices persistently show that economic wealth, as measured by GNP
and GDP, does not automatically correlate with the equitable
distribution of resources or with the application of democratic principles.

World Bank: World Development Report
The World Bank’s annual World Development Report is an influential
publication, setting out the trends in development policy that will shape
the Bank’s own lending policies. Each issue focuses on a particular
theme, such as poverty reduction, states and markets, transition
economies, with milestone reports issued at the start of each decade.
The 2003 WDR is entitled Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World;
the subject of the 2004 volume is ‘Making Services Work for the Poor’.
Responding to criticisms about its lack of accountability, the Bank now
incorporates extensive consultation in the preparatory process for each
WDR, whereby trade unions, NGOs, and other public interest groups,
as well as leading experts in the field, are involved in drafting and
commenting on drafts. These submissions and commentaries are
published on the Bank’s website.

UNRISD: Visible Hands: Taking Responsibility for Social Development,
Geneva: UNRISD, 2000, ISBN: 92 9085 032 9, 173 pp.
This sequel to States of Disarray, produced for the 1995 Social Summit,
shows that few of the commitments made by UN member states have
been backed with resources, and indeed that neo-liberal globalisation
is in full spate, states are being further undermined by a rise in
technocratic policy making, and the commitment to corporate social
responsibility is little more than rhetorical. The report expresses the
hope that rights-based development agendas will seize the public
imagination and help to encourage reform of the international finance
and trade organisation. For a full review, see Development in Practice
11(1):118-19

INFORMATION GATHERING AND RESEARCH
Coghlan, David and Teresa Brannick: Doing Action Research in Your
Own Organization, London: Sage 2000, ISBN: 0 7619 6887 3, 152 pp.
This primer on action research and how to use it to understand
organisations is structured in two parts. Part I covers the foundations
of action research, including the research skills needed to undertake
research, while Part II covers the implementation of an action-research
project. The book addresses the advantages and potential pitfalls of
undertaking action research in one’s own organisation, as well as the
politics and ethics involved. It also offers practical advice on such
matters as selecting a suitable project and implementing it. Each
chapter includes exercises, examples, and clear summaries.

Gubrium, Jaber F. and James A. Holstein (eds.): The Handbook of
Interview Research: Context and Method, London: Sage, 2001, ISBN:
0 7619 1951 1, 982 pp.
Interviewing is the predominant mode of conducting research and
gathering information in the social sciences. This ambitious volume
offers a comprehensive examination of the interview as an integral part
of society. With contributions from leading experts in a wide range of
professional disciplines, the book addresses conceptual and technical
challenges that confront both academic researchers and interviewers
with more applied goals. The material covered is impressive in scope,
ranging from interview theory to the nuts-and-bolts of the interview
process.

Thomas, Alan, Joanna Chataway, and Marc Wuyts (eds.): Finding Out Fast: Investigative Skills for Policy and Development, London: Sage,
in association with The Open University, 1998 0 7619 5837 1, 352 pp.
This book presents the key skills and approaches required to undertake
policy-oriented research. Starting from the premise that policy
decisions are typically made under severe time-constraints and on the
basis of incomplete knowledge, the authors provide guidance on how
to locate, evaluate, and use relevant information. The ultimate aim is
to enable readers to become more competent investigators and to
understand how to use research more effectively and critically evaluate
research done by others. For a full review, see Development in Practice
9(1&2):202-4.

ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING
Chopra, A.J.: Managing the People Side of Innovation: 8 Rules for
Changing Minds and Hearts, West Harcourt, CT: Kumarian Press 1999,
ISBN: 1-56549-098-3, 244 pp.
How do innovative ideas emerge in the face of deep-rooted organisational
inertia and resistance to change? Chopra argues that such
ideas will not be adopted without leadership, human energy,
collaboration, and motivation. This ‘how to’ guide lists eight commonsense,
though not always obvious, rules to change hearts and minds,
and turns them into a series of tools aimed at facilitating change and
innovation.

Dixon, Nancy: The Organizational Learning Cycle: How We Can Learn
Collectively, Maidenhead: McGraw Hill, 1994, ISBN: 0 0770 7937 X,
176 pp.
Dixon analyses organisational learning as a powerful tool for selftransformation, arguing that, while organisations and individuals can
learn independently of each other, growth is best achieved when
organisational and personal development are combined and integrated.
Thus, organisational learning requires the active involvement of the
organisation’s members in establishing the direction of change and in
inventing the means to achieve it. To illustrate the different stages and
types of learning involved, Dixon uses the Organisational Learning
Cycle, whose four steps are the generation of information; the
integration of new information into the organisational context; the
collective interpretation of that information; and the authority to act
based on the interpreted meaning.

Eade, Deborah and Suzanne Williams: The Oxfam Handbook of
Development and Relief, Oxford: Oxfam GB, 1995, ISBN: 0 85598 274 8,
1200 pp.
Based on the work of Oxfam GB in more than 70 countries worldwide,
this text synthesises the agency’s thinking, policy, and practice in fields
as diverse as social relations, human rights, advocacy, capacity
building, popular organisation, education, health, sustainable agricultural
production, and emergency relief. A gender perspective is
incorporated throughout. Presented in three volumes, the Handbook
reflects Oxfam’s belief that all people have the right to an equitable
share in the world’s resources, and the right to make decisions about
their own development. The denial of such rights is at the heart of
poverty and suffering. For a full review, see Development in Practice
6(1):82-4.

Foster, Marie-Claude: Management Skills for Project Leaders: What to do when you do not know what to do, Basel: Birkhäuser Publishing, 2001,
ISBN: 3 7643 6423 8, 202 pp.
Traditional models of management work best in situations characterised
by simplicity, linearity, and continuity. However, given that
chaos and uncertainty are the norm rather than the exception, such
management models are of little assistance to aid agencies. Aimed at
development managers and project leaders, this book outlines the
critical skills that are required in this increasingly complex field, and
focuses in particular on the importance of continuous learning among
development workers and change agents.

Hanna, Nagy and Robert Picciotto (eds.): Making Development Work:
Development Learning in a World of Poverty and Wealth, Somerset, NJ:
Transaction Publishers, 2002.
The World Bank’s Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF)
initiative has been launched in 12 developing countries. Its four key
principles are: a holistic long-term vision of development; domestic
ownership of development programmes; a results-oriented approach;
and stronger partnerships and collaboration between government, the
private sector, and civil society. This book is divided into four sections,
which examine each of these principles in turn. The concluding
chapter identifies key lessons learned, and proposes that multi-faceted
approaches which incorporate ‘client empowerment’ and social
learning should replace top–down, ‘one-size-fits-all’ prescriptions.

Khor, Martin and Lim Li Lin (eds.): Good Practices and Innovative
Experiences in the South: Economic, Environmental and Sustainable
Livelihoods Initiatives (vol. 1), ISBN: 1 84277 129 9, 255 pp.
Good Practices and Innovative Experiences in the South: Social Policies,
Indigenous Knowledge and Appropriate Technology (vol. 2), ISBN: 84277 131 0, 215 pp.
Good Practices and Innovative Experiences in the South: Citizen Initiatives
in Social Services, Popular Education and Human Rights (vol. 3), ISBN:
1 84277 133 7, 260 pp. London and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2001
These three volumes, jointly produced by Third World Network and
UNDP’s Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing
Countries, outline some of the best practices and innovative ideas that
are being pioneered at the government, NGO, and community levels
in developing countries. While the areas of experimentation are fairly
diverse, all the experiences recounted here rely on the same basic
principles: respect for local knowledge systems; harmony with the
environment; equity; and democratic, participatory involvement.
Providing examples of successful development efforts in Asia, Latin
America, and Africa, the editors seek to contribute to the process of
learning and replication elsewhere.

Leeuwis, Cees and Rhiannon Pyburn (eds.): Wheelbarrows Full of Frogs: Social learning in rural resource management, Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum, 2002, ISBN: 90 232 3850 8, 480 pp.
The title of this book, taken from a Dutch metaphor, is used to illustrate
the difficulties involved in social learning: how to keep all the frogs
(i.e. the multiple stakeholders) inside a wheelbarrow (i.e. a platform
for social learning), while manoeuvring across difficult terrain
(i.e. resource-management dilemmas)? Contributors argue that success
requires commitment, presence of mind, flexibility, and stability.
Unlike interventions based solely on technological or economic
grounds, social learning is ‘an interactive process moving from
multiple cognition to collective or distributed cognition’: the shared
learning of interdependent stakeholders is therefore critical to reaching
better outcomes in rural resource management. Following a theoretical
overview, the book addresses a variety of issues, including social
learning in action in agriculture, and social learning and institutional
change.

Lewis, David and Tina Wallace (eds.): New Roles and Relevance:
Development NGOs and the Challenge of Change, Bloomfield, CT:
Kumarian Press, 2000, ISBN: 1 56549 120 3, 272 pp.
As development NGOs become increasingly relevant in anti-poverty
initiatives, they need to guard against allowing their independence and
integrity to be compromised. The contributors, who include both
researchers and practitioners, argue that it is only through engagement
at all levels and through effective learning strategies that NGOs will
make a real and sustainable contribution to poverty-reduction efforts
worldwide. For a full review, see Development in Practice 11(4):538.

Lindenberg, Marc and Coralie Bryant: Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2001,
ISBN: 1 5654 9135 1, 271 pp.
Drawing on extensive international fieldwork and group discussions
with NGO leaders, the authors argue that the major Northern-based
NGOs in international relief and development are at the cusp of a
process of re-definition and transformation. Changes in the international
arena and the forces of globalisation are re-shaping the
landscape that NGOs inhabit, presenting them with new challenges
and opportunities. If they seize these challenges creatively, Lindenberg
and Bryant suggest, they may become yet more influential and effective
in their efforts to eradicate poverty and expand their work into new
areas (peace building, advocacy, etc). However, if they fail to do this,
they risk becoming outdated, or even obsolete. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 13(1):123-7.

Macdonald, Mandy, Ellen Sprenger, and Ireen Dubel: Gender and
Organizational Change: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice,
The Hague: Royal Tropical Institute, 1997, ISBN: 90 6832 709 7, 156 pp.
How can organisations in both North and South become more genderaware
and more gender-sensitive? Illustrated with experiences of
gender interventions in numerous organisations, this book presents a
practical approach to changing gender dynamics that is built on
consensus. It includes a ‘road map’ for organisational change; material
on organisational culture, the change agent, and gender; strategies for
developing more gender-sensitive practice; and guidelines for a gender
assessment of an organisation. For a full review, see Development in
Practice 8(2):247-8.

Pettit, Jethro, Laura Roper, and Deborah Eade (eds.): Development and the Learning Organisation, Oxford: Oxfam GB, 2003, ISBN 0 85598 470 8, 434 pp.
As development NGOs and official aid agencies embrace the idea of
‘becoming a learning organisation’, they are increasingly concerned
with some form of knowledge generation and organisational learning.
The literature on these issues has so far tended to come out of the
private sector and reflect a Western worldview. Based on a special issue
of Development in Practice (Vol. 12 Nos. 3&4), this book presents
contributions from development scholars and practitioners from a
range of institutional backgrounds worldwide, some introducing new
approaches and models, others offering critical case studies of
individual and group learning practice across cultures, and organisational
efforts to put theory into practice. Among the lessons to emerge are that learning is hard to do, that we often learn the wrong things, and that huge gaps often remain between our learning and our behaviour or practice. There are clearly no simple recipes for success, but when learning breakthroughs do occur, the organisational whole can truly become more than the sum of its parts.

Porter, Fenella, Ines Smyth, and Caroline Sweetman (eds.): Gender Works: Oxfam Experience in Policy and Practice, Oxford: Oxfam GB, 1999, ISBN 0 85598 407 4, 342 pp.
This edited volume brings together contributions from 36 current and
former staff of Oxfam GB and other national Oxfams, describing the
organisation’s efforts since 1985 to integrate gender-related issues into
its work and culture. The process has not been an easy one, and these
essays frankly record the many setbacks and struggles as well as
marking progress and specific achievements. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 10(1):122-5.

Rao, Aruna, Rieky Stuart, and David Kelleher: Gender at Work:
Organizational Change for Equality, West Harcourt CT: Kumarian Press
1999, ISBN: 1 56549 102 5, 272 pp.
This volume analyses institutional barriers to gender equality and
provides insights into the means and processes by which gender
relations can be transformed. In-depth examples from diverse
organisations and countries lay out strategies and approaches for
transforming organisations into cultures expressing gender equity.
The authors pose new questions about how gender-responsive policies
and practices can best be advocated.

Smillie, Ian and John Hailey: Managing for Change: Leadership, Strategy and Management in Asian NGOs, London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2001-02, ISBN: 1 85383 721 0, 193 pp.
As the number of NGOs increases, so they need to work harder at
preserving their distinctiveness and effectiveness. Drawing on their
analysis of how nine successful NGOs in Asia are managed, the
authors seek to identify the key characteristics of a sustained growth
process, and the strategies, management styles, and organisational
structures that are more likely to lead to success. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 12(3&4):549-51.

MONITORING , EVALUATION, AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Cracknell, Basil Edward: Evaluating Development Aid: Issues, Problems
and Solutions, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000, ISBN: 0 7619 9403 3,
386 pp.
This book looks at the methodologies of evaluation in the area of
development aid and some of the problems that are likely to arise. The
author focuses on the vexed question of how to reconcile the
requirements of objectivity, distance, and accountability with the
realisation that some form of participation is essential in order to
understand the impact of people-centred projects on the intended
beneficiaries. Main topics include the history of development aid,
evaluation of impact and sustainability, stakeholder analysis, and
participation.

Estrella, Marisol (ed.) with Jutta Blauert, Dindo Campilan, John Gaventa, Julian Gonsalves, Irene Guijt, Deb Johnson, and Roger Ricafort: Learning from Change: Issues and Experiences in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, London: ITDG Publishing, 2000, ISBN: 1 85339 469 6, 288 pp.
A compilation of case studies and discussions drawn from an
international workshop on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
(PM&E) held in the Philippines in 2000, this volume provides an
overview of relevant themes and experiences in this field. Part I
offers a literature review of methodological innovations in PM&E
practice worldwide. Part II presents case studies which illustrate the
Development Methods and Approaches 262
diversity of settings in which PM&E has been undertaken. Finally,
Part III raises key questions and challenges arising from the case
studies and the workshop proceedings, identifying areas for further
research and action.

Feinstein, Osvaldo N. and Robert Picciotto (eds.): Evaluation and
Poverty Reduction, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN:
0 7658 0876 5, 382 pp.
In his foreword to this volume, James Wolfensohn states that
‘evaluation is a central aspect of any poverty reduction endeavor …
[It] is not just a scorecard … [but] something that helps us change our
behavior or influence the behavior of others’. The book itself is a
collection of papers by leading development scholars and practitioners
illustrating this point. Seeking to promote development effectiveness
through social learning and problem solving, the contributors
emphasise ‘what works’ in poverty-reduction programmes, including
social funds and safety nets, anti-corruption programmes, and a
vibrant civil society.

Gosling, Louisa L: Toolkits: A practical guide to monitoring, evaluation
and impact assessment, London: Save the Children Fund, 2003, ISBN:
1 84187 064 1, 250 pp.
Designed to promote a systematic approach to planning, reviewing,
and evaluating development work, SCF’s Toolkits series includes a
range of practical tools that can be adapted to suit different circumstances.
Thoroughly revised and updated, this edition brings a
commonsense approach to recent developments in monitoring and
evaluation. It includes new chapters on impact assessment and
monitoring and evaluating advocacy.

Jackson, Edward and Yusuf Kassam: Knowledge Shared: Participatory Evaluation in Development Co-operation, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998, ISBN: 1 56549 085 1, 272 pp.
This book analyses the theory and practice of participatory evaluation
in a variety of contexts. The central argument is that such evaluation is
a key ingredient in development, because it helps to mobilise local
knowledge in conjunction with outside expertise to make development
interventions more effective. With case studies from Bangladesh,
El Salvador, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, and
St Vincent, the book is a guide to a community-based approach to
evaluation that is a learning process, a means of taking action, and a
catalyst for empowerment.

Roche, Chris: Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to
Value Change, Oxford: Oxfam (in association with Novib) 1999, ISBN:
0 85598 418 X, 160 pp.
With a focus on the centrality of impact assessment to all stages of
development programmes, the basic premise of this book is that
impact assessment should not be limited to the immediate outputs of
a project or programme, but should incorporate any lasting or significant
changes that it brought about. After providing a theoretical
overview, Roche discusses the design of impact-assessment processes
and then illustrates their use in development, in emergencies, and in
advocacy work. He ends by exploring ways in which different
organisations have attempted to institutionalise impact-assessment
processes and the challenges they have encountered in doing so. For a
full review, see Development in Practice 10(2):261-2.

PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Browne, Stephen: Developing Capacity through Technical Co-operation:
Country Experiences, London and New York, NY: Earthscan and UNDP,
2002, ISBN: 1 85383 969 8, 207 pp.
Based on various country studies, this book illustrates the importance
of technical co-operation in fostering capacity development in a
sustainable manner. The author also explores some of the opportunities
lost when technical co-operation is used for purposes other
than capacity building. Each case study provides a framework with
which to evaluate what does and does not work in the use of technical
co-operation for capacity development, and why.

Blackburn, James with Jeremy Holland: Who Changes? Institutionalizing Participation in Development, London: ITDG Publishing, 1998, ISBN: 1 85339 420 3, 192 pp.
This book explores the institutional changes that need to happen within
the international development community to make participation and
‘bottom–up’ development a reality. Drawing together lessons and
experiences from a number of agencies worldwide, the book considers
the main issues confronting development professionals involved in
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) practices. Is it possible to adapt
PRA methods for large organisations? How can one identify and
implement the kinds of organisational change needed in order to
implement PRA effectively? The book also offers a checklist of practical
considerations (including training, culture, monitoring, etc.) to be
taken into account when promoting a participatory approach to
development. For a full review, see Development in Practice 9(1):212-13.

Chambers, Robert: Participatory Workshops: a Sourcebook of 21 Sets of
Ideas and Activities, London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2002
Robert Chambers, based at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
at the University of Sussex, is one of the most influential proponents
of participatory development, in particular Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) and its myriad derivatives. This, his latest book, is a guide to
interactive learning. Previous works, including Rural Development:
Putting the Last First (1983) and Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First
Last (1997), criticise top–down models of development in favour of
participatory approaches and methods which view farmers in resourcepoor
areas as innovators and adapters, and recognise that their agendas
and priorities should be central to development research and thinking.
Chambers argues that the poor will be empowered only if the necessary
personal, professional, and institutional changes take place within
development and donor agencies.

Cooke, Bill and Uma Kothari (eds.): Participation: The New Tyranny?, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 2001, ISBN: 1 85649 794 1, 207 pp.
The current focus on participatory development makes it important to
question the concept of participation and ask whether it can live up to
the expectations placed upon it. This provocative book asks what
happens if participation degenerates into tyranny and the unjust and
illegitimate exercise of power. The contributors, all social scientists and
development specialists, warn of the potential pitfalls and limitations
of participatory development. They challenge practitioners and
theorists to reassess their own role in promoting practices which may
not only be naïve in the way they presume to understand power
relations, but may also serve to reinforce existing inequalities.

Eade, Deborah: Capacity Building: An Approach to People-Centred
Development, Oxford: Oxfam, 1997, ISBN: 0 85598 366 3, 226 pp.
While many development agencies would see their role as being to
enable people to sharpen the skills that they need in order to participate
in the development of their own societies, these efforts will result in
dependence rather than in empowerment if the agencies ignore or fail
to support the existing strengths of the communities and organisations
involved. ‘Capacity building’ is often used synonymously with ‘training’
but Eade argues that training alone is of little value unless the
organisational, social, and political capacities exist to put it to effective
use. The book outlines ways in which NGOs can work with people and
their organisations in order to identify and build upon the capacities
that they already possess. Particular attention is paid to the importance
of a capacity-building approach in emergency situations.

Smillie, Ian (ed.): Patronage or Partnership? Local Capacity Building in
Humanitarian Crises, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2001, ISBN:
1-56549-129-7, 224 pp.
While there is growing recognition that capacity building at the
local level is an essential ingredient for long-term development,
strengthening local capabilities is easier said than done, and an
appropriate balance must be struck between the interventions of
outsiders doing something in the midst of an emergency, on the one
hand, and building longer-term local skills, on the other. Focusing on
case studies from Mozambique, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Haiti,
and Guatemala, this book examines this dilemma from a local
perspective, and examines a number of constructive possibilities as
well as examples of bad practice. For a full review, see Development in
Practice 12(1):105-7.

VeneKlasen, Lisa with Valerie Miller: A New Weave of People, Power & Politics: An Action Guide for Advocacy and Citizen Participation,
Oklahoma City: World Neighbors, 2002, 346 pp.
This thought-provoking training guide for the promotion of citizen
participation implicitly challenges advocacy as it is conventionally
undertaken, and offers a persuasive vision of how much more
effectively it could be done. It is divided into three parts: Understanding
Politics, Planning Advocacy, and Doing Advocacy. Part I examines the
Development Methods and Approaches 266
basic definitions of politics and advocacy, democracy and citizenship,
power and empowerment. Part II focuses on how to envisage citizencentred
advocacy, and contains several exercises aimed at helping
readers to think strategically about their place in ‘the big picture’,
defining and analysing problems, and comparing alternative
strategies. Part III addresses practical issues such as media work,
mobilisation, leadership, ‘insider’ tactics, and coalitions and alliances.
The annexes include notes for trainers, and each chapter contains
exercises and discussion points aimed at helping readers to think more
creatively about the potential of advocacy.

GENDER ANALYSIS AND GENDER PLANNING
Datta, Rekha and Judith Kornberg (eds.): Women in Developing
Countries: Assessing Strategies for Empowerment, Boulder: Lynne Rienner
Publishers, 2002, ISBN: 1 58826 039 9, 190 pp.
This volume considers the various strategies of empowerment used
at the international, national, and sub-national levels. Rather than
offering a universal definition of the term, the multiple case studies
reveal the differences in empowerment experiences in different parts
of the world and the level(s) at which they occur.

Goetz, Anne Marie (ed.): Getting Institutions Right for Women in
Development, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997, ISBN:
1 85649 526 4, 248 pp.
Gender and Development (GAD) or Women in Development (WID)
initiatives have been promoted since the mid-1970s, but have not
succeeded in dismantling the power structures that still subordinate
women in the family and in the economy. Offering a gendered analysis
of development agencies, this book presents a conceptual framework
for exploring the internal politics and procedures of institutions that
design and implement policy, which is then used to analyse empirical
case study material. Topics addressed include how to help organisations
to internalise or institutionalise gender equity, and how to
make accountability to women a routine part of development practice.
For a full review, see Development in Practice 9(1):204-6.

Guijt, Irene and Meera Kaul Shah: The Myth of Community: Gender
Issues in Participatory Development, London: ITDG Publications, 1998,
ISBN: 1853394211, 282 pp.
This book explores the ways in which women can become more
appropriately and equally involved in participatory development
projects, and ways in which gender issues can be more meaningfully
addressed. With contributions from four continents, the volume
provides a variety of viewpoints and perspectives from those most
closely involved in participatory approaches to development, with a
particular emphasis on the need to avoid assuming that community
members share homogeneous interests. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 9(3): 347-9.

March, Candida, Ines Smyth, and Maiyetree Mukhopadhyay: A Guide to Gender-Analysis Frameworks, Oxford: Oxfam GB, 1999, ISBN:
0 85598 403 1, 96 pp.
The authors outline the main analytical frameworks for gendersensitive
research and planning. Such a framework can be useful for
setting out the various elements and factors to be considered in any
analysis, and for highlighting the key issues to be explored. It may
outline a broad set of beliefs and goals, or be more prescriptive and give
a set of tools and procedures. This guide draws on the experience of
trainers and practitioners and includes step-by-step instructions for
using a range of frameworks, as well as summaries of the advantages
and disadvantages of using them in particular situations.

Molyneux, Maxine and Shahra Razavi (eds.): Gender, Justice, Development, and Rights, Oxford: OUP, in association with UNRISD, 2002, ISBN: 0 1992 5644 6, 504 pp.
Contributors analyse the mixed impact of the prevailing emphasis in
the international development agenda on rights and democracy, at a
time when neo-liberal policies have resulted in reduced social services,
and have been accompanied by rising income inequalities and record
levels of crime and violence. Theoretical essays and case studies
examine these issues through a gender lens.

Moser, Caroline: Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice
and Training, London: Routledge, 1998
This book explores the relationship between gender and development,
and presents the conceptual rationale for a tool now referred to as the
‘Moser framework’ of strategic and practical gender needs. Drawing on
Maxine Molyneux’s earlier work on gender roles and interests, Moser
identifies methodological procedures, tools, and techniques to integrate
gender into planning processes and emphasises the role of
gender training. More recently, Moser has focused on gender and
conflict, and, with Fiona Clark, is author of Victims, Perpetrators or
Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict, and Political Violence (Zed Books, 2001).
For a full review, see Development in Practice 12(2):230-2.

Murthy, Ranjani K. (ed.): Building Women’s Capacities: Interventions in
Gender Transformation, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001, ISBN:
81 7829 064 2, 383 pp.
The editor brings together papers on development initiatives conducted
throughout India with the aim of strengthening the capacities of
rural women. A critical theme is how to empower women not only
economically, but also socially and politically. Equally important is the
recognition that men need to be sensitised to gender issues if initiatives
aimed at empowering women are to succeed. The volume draws
conceptual, methodological, and practical lessons from the experiences
described, in an attempt to further promote effective capacity building
among women.

Parpart, Jane L., Shirin M. Rai , and Kathleen Staudt (eds.): Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global/Local World, New York, NY: Routledge, 2002, ISBN: 0 4152 77 698, 272 pp.
This volume offers a holistic definition of empowerment, based on four
dimensions. First, empowerment needs to be analysed in global and
national as well as local terms. Second, our understanding of power
itself needs to be more nuanced. Third, individual empowerment is not
merely driven by agency but rather takes place within a context of
structural constraints. Finally, empowerment should be seen as both a
process and an outcome.

Townsend, Janet et al.: Women and Power: Fighting Patriarchies and
Poverty, London: Zed Books, 1999, ISBN: 1 85649 803 4, 200 pp.
This book explores the creative empowerment strategies that rural
women in Mexico have developed in order to confront the challenges
they face and to change their lives for the better. The authors argue
that it is often poor women in poor countries, rather than those in
wealthier ones, who fight the hardest for their empowerment.

United Nations : Women Go Global, CD-ROM, New York, NY: United
Nations, ISBN: 9 2113 0211 0
An interactive, multimedia CD-ROM, surveying some of the most
important milestones that have shaped the international agenda for
promoting gender equality. It offers extensive coverage of the four
UN conferences on women held in Mexico City, Copenhagen, Nairobi,
and Beijing, the parallel non-government forums, and the 23rd Special
Session of the General Assembly. The CD-ROM also includes relevant
documents from the UN and the NGO community, as well as a
bibliography, links to key websites and archives on women’s history,
and the profiles of more than 200 leading figures fighting for women’s
rights.

Valk, Minke, Henk van Dam, and Angela Khadar (eds.): Institutionalising Gender Equality: Commitment, Policy and Practice – A Global Sourcebook, Amsterdam: KIT Publishers in association with Oxfam GB, 2001, ISBN: 0 8559 8459 7, 172 pp.
This volume analyses the experiences of organisations that are
incorporating women and gender considerations in their policies, not
only in projects and programmes but also in their own internal
workings. It includes an annotated bibliography and a list of relevant
websites.

Williams, Suzanne with Janet Seed and Adelina Mwau: The Oxfam
Gender Training Manual, Oxford, Oxfam GB, 1995, ISBN: 0 85598 267 5,
630pp.
Drawing on the experience of gender specialists all over the world, this
best-selling manual contains authoritative guidance on how to run a
successful gender-training programme. It offers field-tested training
activities and handouts taken from a wide range of sources and shaped
into an accessible and flexible set of training modules. The manual is
also available in Spanish and Portuguese. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 6(2):180-81.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Blowers, Andrew and Steve Hinchliffe: Environmental Responses, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003, ISBN: 0 470 85005 1, 320 pp.
This book is the last in a series sponsored by The Open University
entitled ‘Environment: Change, Contest and Response’. It addresses
both the impact of human actions on the environment and the
technical, economic, and political responses that societies make when
confronted with environmental change. The book is richly illustrated
and draws on examples from all over the world.

Dale, Ann: At the Edge: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century,
Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2001, ISBN:
0 7748 0836 5, 224 pp.
Winner of the 2001 Outstanding Research Contribution Award for
Public Policy in Sustainable Development of the Canadian government,
this book is a call to action at a time when new ideas are urgently
needed to address global environmental problems. The author argues
that sustainable development, which she defines as the process of
reconciling conflicting ecological, social, and economic needs, is the
fundamental human imperative of the twenty-first century. Warning
that this will not be realised without strong leadership by governments
at all levels, she stresses that what is needed is a new framework for
governance, based on human responsibility and a recognition of the
interconnectedness of human and natural systems.

Helmore, Kristin and Naresh Singh: Sustainable Livelihoods: Building on the Wealth of the Poor, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, Inc., 2001,
ISBN: 1 56549 132 7, 129 pp.
This is an informal handbook on the sustainable-livelihoods approach
to poverty alleviation, an approach that places the assets and priorities
of the poor at the centre of development planning and action. Drawing
on experiences in three African countries, the book outlines the
Participatory Assessment and Planning for Sustainable Livelihoods
methodology, while it also argues that science, technology, investment,
and sound governance are necessary ingredients for development
projects to succeed.

Puttaswamaiah, K. (ed.): Cost–Benefit Analysis With Reference to
Environment and Ecology, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001,
ISBN: 0 7658 0706 8, 430 pp.
Social Cost–Benefit Analysis (SCBA) is now regarded as an essential
tool in the formulation, appraisal, and evaluation of development
projects. This volume presents a comprehensive overview of cost–
benefit analysis in its theoretical and applied dimensions. Intended
primarily for analysts and planners, the book explores how SCBA is
being used to identify and assess public projects in both developing and
industrialised countries.

Woolard, Robert and Aleck Ostry: Fatal Consumption: Rethinking
Sustainable Development, Vancouver: University of British Columbia
Press, 2001, ISBN: 0774807873, 280 pp.
With contributions from both academics and practitioners, this book
explores the problematic relationship between two opposing logics:
a culture based on consumption, and the need to promote sustainable
development. The book analyses the present situation and counterbalances
a discussion of the opportunities for change with a frank
examination of the barriers to such change.

MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIPS
Alsop, Ruth, Elon Gilbert, John Farrington, and Rajiv Khandelwal: Coalitions of Interest: Partnerships for Processes of Agricultural Change, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000, ISBN: 81 7036 890 1, 308 pp.
While significant rural policy reforms have been carried out in India,
large sections of the agricultural population have failed to benefit
from them. Examining the agricultural sector in the semi-arid region
of Rajasthan, this book establishes the need for what the authors
call process monitoring (PM), or the interaction and collaboration
between different stakeholders: various levels of government, NGOs,
and farmers’ groups. They conclude that practical mechanisms are
needed to bring about the consensus necessary to effect change
through interaction among multiple stakeholders, and that PM is the
key tool for such coalitions to work.

Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M.: Partnership for International Development:
Rhetoric or Results, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2003,
ISBN: 1 58826 069 0, 205 pp.
While partnerships have been hailed as a strategy that can deliver better
development outcomes, evidence of their contributions to actual
performance has remained largely anecdotal. Brinkerhoff sets out to
give a clear definition of the concept and a roadmap for how to achieve
meaningful partnership results. Case studies of partnerships for public
service, corporate social responsibility, and conflict resolution are also
discussed.

Reich, Michael, ed.: Public–Private Partnerships for Public Health,
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, ISBN: 0 6740 0865 0,
208 pp.
Can public–private partnerships (PPPs) between corporations and
governments, international agencies, and/or NGOs provide global
solutions to global health problems? Exploring the organisational and
ethical challenges that PPPs face, the author focuses on ventures that
seek to expand the use of specific products to improve health conditions
in poor countries, and argues that such ventures can be productive but
also problematic. In each chapter, the book draws lessons from
successful as well as more troubled partnerships in order to help guide
efforts to reduce global health disparities. For a full review, see
Development in Practice 13(2&3).

Robinson, Dorcas, John Harriss, and Tom Hewitt (eds.): Managing
Development: Understanding Inter-Organizational Relationships, London:
Sage, in association with The Open University, 1999, ISBN:
0 7619 6479 7, 352 pp.
This book sets out to explain the dynamics of inter-organisational
relationships in the development context. Moving beyond concepts of
co-operation and partnership, contributors explore a wide variety of
issues, including how diverse relationships can be; how competition,
co-ordination, and co-operation are all constantly at play; how changes
in institutional imperatives, terminology, and political agendas have
yielded new types of organisational relationship; and how such
relationships can be worked out in practice. The volume also provides
examples and case studies to illustrate ways of managing the real-life

Tennyson, Ros: Managing Partnerships: Tools for Mobilising the Public
Sector, Business and Civil Society as Partners in Development, London:
The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum, 1998,
ISBN: 1899159843, 124 pp.
The author seeks to provide development practitioners with the skills
and confidence they need to develop cross-sectoral initiatives with the
public sector, business, and civil society. Topics include how to plan
and resource partnerships; how to develop cross-sectoral working
relationships; and how to develop action learning and sharing
programmes. The appendices offer checklists, tips on how to manage
cross-sectoral encounters, and notes on action research and impact
assessment.

HUMANITARIAN AND EMERGENCY RELIEF WORK
Rieff, David: A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, New York,
NY: Simon & Schuster, 2002, ISBN: 0 684 80977 X, 384 pp.
Rieff argues that humanitarian organisations now work in an ever
more violent and dangerous world in which they are often betrayed and
manipulated, and have themselves increasingly lost sight of their
purpose. The civil wars and ‘ethnic cleansing’ that marked the 1990s
have shown that humanitarian aid can only do so much to alleviate
suffering, and sometimes can cause harm in its efforts to do good.
Drawing on first-hand reports from a number of conflict areas, the
author describes how humanitarian organisations have moved away
from their founding principle of political neutrality and have slowly lost
their independence. For a full review, see Development in Practice 15(1).

The Sphere Project: The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and
Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva: The Sphere Project,
2000, ISBN: 9 2913 9059 3, 322 pp.
An international initiative aimed at improving the effectiveness and
accountability of disaster response, the Sphere Humanitarian Charter
and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response spells out the rights
and minimum standards that organisations providing humanitarian
assistance should guarantee to those affected by natural disasters. The
Charter is based on the principles and provisions of international
humanitarian, human rights, and refugee law, and on the principles of
the Red Cross and the NGO Code of Conduct. The Handbook sets out
Minimum Standards in five core sectors: water supply and sanitation,
nutrition, food aid, shelter and site planning, and health services.
Also published in French, Russian, and Spanish

Terry, Fiona: Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian
Action, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002, ISBN: 0 8014 8796 X,
304 pp.
The author, who is the former head of the French section of Médicins
sans Frontières, argues that humanitarian organisations often fail in
their mission to alleviate suffering, and may even exacerbate it, because
of their shortsightedness. Terry maintains that agencies deploy aid in
unthinking ways, without taking the wider political context into
account and without investigating or considering the ramifications of
their aid. Drawing from case studies of refugee camps in Pakistan,
Honduras, Thailand, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, she
shows how aid that was intended to help refugees often ends up in the
hands of the combatants.

Wood, Adrian, Raymond Apthorpe, and John Borton (eds.): Evaluating International Humanitarian Action: Reflections from Practitioners, London and New Jersey: Zed Books 2001, ISBN: 1 85649 976 6, 224 pp.
Based on the experiences of those engaged in humanitarian
programme evaluations and on the lessons that they learned in the
process, this book analyses humanitarian assistance in terms of both
how it is (and should be) delivered and how it is (and should be)
evaluated. With case studies from four continents, including Central
Asia and the Balkans, the volume addresses the context in which
evaluations of humanitarian assistance take place; the process of doing
evaluations; and lessons to improve evaluations in the future. For a full
review, see Development in Practice 12(3&4):551-3.

Development and the Learning Organisation, Roper, Laura, Jethro Pettit and Deborah Eade (eds.) Oxford: Oxfam 2003, ISBN: 0 85598 470 8
BOOKS - GENERAL
BOOKS - CHALLENGES TO LEARNING
BOOKS - TOOLS AND METHODS
BOOKS - (MULTI-) INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES AND ORGANISATIONAL CASE STUDIES
JOURNALS
LEADING EXPERTS IN THE FIELD

BOOKS - GENERAL
Clarkson, Petruska: Change in Organisations, London: Whurr Publishers, 1995, ISBN: 1897635338, 170 pp.
Intended for clinical, occupational, and counselling psychologists, this study
explores the experience of working with or within organisations. Clarkson offers conceptual frameworks for understanding such experience, as well as practical advice on the ways in which its possibilities can be transformed.

Cooke, Bill and Uma Kothari, eds.: Participation: The New Tyranny? London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 2001, ISBN: 1 85649 794 1, 207 pp.
The current trend for participatory development makes it ever more important to examine the concept of participation and ask whether it can live up to the expectations placed upon it. This provocative book asks what happens if participatory processes degenerate into tyranny and the unjust and illegitimate exercise of power. The contributors, all social scientists and development specialists, come from a range of disciplines and represent a wide variety of hands-on experience. Warning about the potential pitfalls and limitations of participatory development, they challenge practitioners and theorists to reassess their own roles in promoting practices that may be naïve in the way they presume to understand power relations, and serve to reinforce existing inequalities.

Kaplan, Allan: Development Practitioners and Social Process: Artists of the Invisible, London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2002, ISBN: 0 7453 1019 2, 214 pp.
Kaplan’s holistic approach to social development views it as a complex process of social transformation rather than as a technical operation. Drawing on his extensive experience as a development consultant in Africa and Europe, as well as on work of Goethe and Karl Jung, the author argues that intentional social change is possible, and that learning is the path to self-discovery and self-awareness, ‘enabl[ing] both the organism and the world with which it interacts to be lifted to a new level of existence’.

Robinson, Dorcas, Tom Hewitt, and John Harriss, eds.: Managing Development: Understanding Inter-Organizational Relationships, London: Sage Publications (in association with The Open University) 1999, ISBN: 0 76196 479 7, 360 pp.
This book sets out to explain the dynamics of inter-organisational relationships in the development context. Moving beyond concepts of cooperation and partnership, contributors explore a wide variety of issues, including how diverse relationships can be; how competition, coordination, and cooperation are all constantly at play; how changes in institutional imperatives, terminology, and political agendas have yielded new types of organisational relationships; and how inter-organisational relationships can be worked out in practice. The volume also provides examples and
case studies of ways of managing the real-life complexities of the development process.

Scott, W. Richard: Institutions and Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001 (2nd edn.), ISBN: 0 76192 001 3, 278 pp.
This revised and expanded second edition provides a comprehensive overview of the institutionalist approach to organisation theory. The book presents a historical overview of the theoretical literature, an integrative analysis of current institutional approaches, and a review of empirical research related to institutions and organisations. Scott also provides an extensive review and critique of institutional analysis in sociology, political science, and economics as it relates to recent theory and research on organisations.

World Bank: World Development Report: Knowledge for Development, Oxford: OUP, 1998, ISBN: 0 8213 4107 3, 252 pp.
This twenty-first annual edition of the World Development Report focuses on
knowledge, information, and learning as key factors affecting development. It
examines both the benefits and the risks of a rapidly increasing stock of global knowledge, as well as the role of the public sector and international organisations in promoting knowledge and facilitating learning. The full report can be accessed electronically at www.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr98/index.htm.

BOOKS - CHALLENGES TO LEARNING
Blackburn, James with Jeremy Holland: Who Changes? Institutionalizing Participation in Development, London: ITDG Publishing, 1998, ISBN: 1 85339 420 3, 192 pp.
How can development projects become more genuinely participatory and
empowering from the bottom up? This book explores the institutional changes that need to happen within the international development community to make participation a reality. Drawing together lessons and experiences from key development agencies worldwide, the book looks at the main issues confronting development professionals involved in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) practices. How can they, for example, adapt PRA methods for large organisations? And how can they identify and implement the kinds of organisational changes needed to implement PRA effectively? In addition, the book offers a checklist of practical considerations (including training, culture, monitoring, etc.) to be taken into account when promoting a participatory approach to development. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice 9(1):212—213.

Davidson, Marilyn J. and Ronald J. Burke, eds.: Women in Management: Current Research Issues, London: Sage Publications, 2000, 0 7619 6603 X, 336 pp.
This is the second volume of the highly successful Women in Management: Current Research Issues that first appeared in 1994, and reviews the latest research on women in management in a globalised context. Contributors examine contemporary issues confronting women in management, as well as their individual, organisational, and governmental dimensions. Key topics include: networking, leadership, race, gender, the ‘glass ceiling’, the ‘management of diversity’ approach, masculinity in management issues, and future organisational and governmental initiatives to strengthen women in management.

Goetz, Anne Marie, ed.: Getting Institutions Right for Women in Development, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997, ISBN: 1 85649 526 4, 248 pp.
Gender and Development (GAD) or Women in Development (WID) initiatives have been promoted for almost three decades. However, while the material condition of women may have improved, such initiatives have not succeeded in dismantling the power structures that continue to subordinate women in the family and in the economy. This book offers a gendered analysis of development organisations in a range of institutional arenas. It builds a conceptual framework for exploring the internal politics and procedures of institutions that design and implement policy, and then applies this framework to analyse empirical case-study material. Topics addressed include how to help organisations internalise or institutionalise gender equity, and how to make accountability to women a routine part of development practice. For a full review of this book, see Development in
Practice 9(1):204—206.

Lewis, David: The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 2001, ISBN: 0 4152 0759 2, 242 pp.
Are NGOs equipped to manage their ever-increasing responsibilities in effective and efficient ways? In this book, Lewis explores the emerging field of NGO management. Analysing the internal structure of NGOs, their activities, and their linkages to the outside world, the author develops a composite model of NGO management that seeks to understand and articulate the particular challenges that these organisations face. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice
12(1):110—111.

Lewis, David and Tina Wallace, eds.: New Roles and Relevance: Development NGOs and the Challenge of Change, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2000, ISBN: 1 56549 120 3, 272 pp.
As development NGOs become increasingly relevant in anti-poverty initiatives, they also need to ensure that their independence and integrity are not compromised. The contributors, who include both researchers and practitioners, argue that it is only through engagement at all levels and through effective learning strategies that NGOs will make a real and sustainable contribution to poverty-reduction efforts worldwide. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice 11(4):538.

Lindenberg, Marc and Coralie Bryant: Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs,Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2001, ISBN: 1 5654 9135 1, 271 pp.
Based on extensive international fieldwork and group discussions with NGO
leaders, the authors argue that the major Northern-based NGOs in international relief and development are at the cusp of a process of re-definition and transformation. Changes in the international arena and the forces of globalisation are re-shaping the landscape NGOs inhabit, presenting them with new challenges and opportunities. If they seize these challenges creatively, Lindenberg and Bryant suggest, they may become yet more influential and effective in their efforts to eradicate poverty and expand their work into new areas (such as peace building and advocacy). However, if they fail to respond to the challenge, they risk becoming outdated or even obsolete.

BOOKS - TOOLS AND METHODS
Brinkerhoff, Derick W. and Benjamin L. Crosby: Managing Policy Reform: Concepts and Tools for Decision-Makers in Developing and Transitioning Countries, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2002, ISBN: 1 56549 142 4, 270 pp.
While technocrats and sectional specialists in international donor agencies and developing countries may know what sound policy reforms should look like, they know much less about how to implement them. In this book, the authors argue that policy is a process, and hence successful policy outcomes depend not simply upon designing good policies but upon managing their implementation. Part I provides an in-depth analysis of the key concerns involved in policy change and policy-reform implementation. Part II offers a tool kit to enable policy reformers and managers learn how to plan and manage policy reforms strategically and thereby facilitate their success.

Brown, David L.: Social Learning in South-North Coalitions, Boston, MA: IDR 1998.
This report focuses on social learning as a process that creates new perspectives and behaviours at the social system level. It explores tools and methods that may help to turn potential organisational discord into a beneficial process of social learning. The report also explores how differences among members of an inter-organisational network can be used to develop new knowledge and improved practices.

Chopra, A.J.: Managing the People Side of Innovation: 8 Rules for Changing Minds and Hearts, West Harcourt, CT: Kumarian Press 1999, ISBN: 1 56549 098 3, 244 pp.
How do innovative ideas emerge in the face of deep-rooted organisational inertia and resistance to change? Chopra argues that such ideas will not be adopted without leadership, human energy, collaboration, and motivation. This ‘how to’ guide lists eight commonsense, though not always obvious, rules to change hearts and minds, and turns them into a series of tools aimed at facilitating change and innovation.

Coghlan, David and Teresa Brannick: Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization, London: Sage, 2000, ISBN: 0 7619 6887 3, 152 pp.
This primer on action research and how to use it to understand organisations is structured in two parts. Part I covers the foundations of action research, including the research skills needed to undertake research, while Part II covers the implementation of an action-research project. The book addresses the advantages and potential pitfalls of undertaking action research in one’s own organisation, as well as the politics and ethics involved. It also offers practical advice on such matters as selecting and implementing an action-research project. Each chapter includes exercises, examples, and clear summaries.

Dixon, Nancy: The Organizational Learning Cycle: How we can learn collectively, Maidenhead: McGraw Hill, 1994, ISBN: 0 0770 7937 X, 176 pp.
Dixon analyses organisational learning as a powerful tool of self-transformation arguing that, while organisations and individuals can learn independently of each other, growth is best achieved when organisational and personal development are combined and integrated. Thus, organisational learning requires the active involvement of the organisation’s members in establishing the direction of change and in inventing the means to achieve it. To illustrate the different stages and types of learning involved, Dixon uses the Organisational Learning Cycle, whose four steps are the generation of information; the integration of new information into the organisational context; the collective interpretation of that information; and the
authority to act based on the interpreted meaning.

Eade, Deborah: Capacity Building: An Approach to People-Centred Development, Oxford: Oxfam, 1997, ISBN: 0 85598 366 3, 226 pp.
While the stated mission of international development agencies is to lift people out of poverty and to help them sharpen the skills they need to participate in the development of their own societies, there is a real danger that such efforts will result in dependence rather than in empowerment, especially if the agencies ignore the existing strengths of the communities involved. In this book, Eade analyses the concept of capacity building and examines why it is such an integral part of development. Providing insights into training and the development of a variety of skills and activities, the book explores specific and practical ways in which NGOs can work with people and their organisations to enable them to strengthen the
capacities they already possess. Particular attention is paid to the need to use a capacity-building approach in emergency situations.

Edwards, Michael: Future Positive and Global Citizen Action, London: Earthscan, 2002, ISBN: 1 8538 3631 1, 292 pp.
In a world of globalising markets, eroding state sovereignty, expanding citizen action, and growing uncertainty about fundamental truths, what is the best way to tackle problems of global poverty and violence? Here, Edwards attempts to chart a ‘third way’ of promoting development that falls between heavy-handed state interventionism and complete laissez faire politics. The author reviews ways in which the international system operates, the pressures it faces, and the changes it must undergo, including the pressing need to create a new framework of international relations and foreign aid. Divided into two sections, Part I analyses the evolution of the current international system, while Part II examines the opportunities for change in the twenty-first century. For further details see: www.futurepositive.org.

Edwards, Michael and Alan Fowler, eds.: The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management, London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2002, ISBN: 1 85383 848 9, 464 pp.
NGOs are today a major force for transformation in both the political and the
economic arena. But their role as key intermediaries between governments and civil society has also brought with it increasing responsibilities and a growing need for effective internal management. With contributors including academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the North and the South, this volume covers ten areas of management that are critical to the success of NGOs involved in international development. One section is devoted to the importance of becoming a Learning Organisation, while the remaining parts cover issues ranging from the management of growth and change to organisational accountability and good development practice. The overarching theme is the exploration of ways in which NGOs can best go about achieving maximum impact and effectiveness in their work.

Foster, Marie-Claude: Management Skills for Project Leaders: What to do when you do not know what to do, Basel: Birkhäuser Publishing, 2001, ISBN: 3 7643 6423 8, 202 pp.
Based on logical, rational reasoning, traditional models of management work best in situations characterised by simplicity, linearity, and continuity. However, in a world where chaos and uncertainty are the norm rather than the exception, such management models have become obsolete. Aimed at managers and project leaders working in development in low- and middle-income countries, this book outlines the critical skills that are needed to succeed in this increasingly complex field. A central theme running through the book is the importance of continuous learning among development workers and change agents.

Fowler, Alan: Striking a Balance: A guide to enhancing the effectiveness of nongovernmental organisations in international development, London: Earthscan in association with INTRAC, 1997, ISBN: 1 8538 3325 8, 298 pp.
At a time of rapid global change, non-governmental development organisations (NGDOs) are confronted with simultaneous demands to increase their impact, diversify their activities, respond to long-term humanitarian crises, and improve their performance. This book seeks to provide a practical guide to help NGDOs better meet these expectations. Written for NGDO leaders, managers, donors, and scholars, the book summarises the major tasks of sustainable people-centred development, describing five key factors that influence effectiveness: suitable
organisational design; competent leadership and human resources; appropriate external relationships; mobilisation of high quality finance; and the measurement of performance coupled to ‘learning for leverage’. The book also includes details of the ways in which these factors can be acquired and improved. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice 8(1):102—104.

Guijt, Irene and Meera Kaul Shah: The Myth of Community: Gender Issues in Participatory Development, London: ITDG Publications, 1998, ISBN: 1 8533 9421 1, 282 pp.
This book explores the ways in which women can become more appropriately and equally involved in participatory development projects, and how gender issues can be more meaningfully addressed. Containing contributions from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe, this book provides a variety of viewpoints and perspectives from those most closely involved in participatory approaches to development, with a particular emphasis on the need to avoid assuming that community members
share homogenous interests.

Leeuwis, Cees and Rhiannon Pyburn, eds.: Wheelbarrows Full of Frogs: Social learning in rural resource management, Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum, 2002, ISBN: 90 232 3850 8, 480 pp.
The title of this book, taken from a Dutch metaphor, is used to illustrate the
difficulties involved in social learning: how to keep all the frogs (i.e. the multiple stakeholders) inside a wheelbarrow (i.e. a platform for social learning), while manoeuvring across difficult terrain (i.e. resource-management dilemmas)? Contributors argue that success requires commitment, presence of mind, flexibility, and stability. Unlike interventions based solely on technological or economic grounds, social learning is ‘an interactive process moving from multiple cognition to collective or distributed cognition’. The shared learning of interdependent stakeholders is therefore critical to reaching better outcomes in rural resource management. Following a theoretical overview, the book addresses a variety of issues, including social learning in action in agriculture, and social learning and institutional change.

Macdonald, Mandy, Ellen Sprenger, and Ireen Dubel: Gender and Organizational Change: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice, The Hague: Royal Tropical Institute, 1997, ISBN: 90 6832 709 7, 156 pp.
How can organisations in both North and South become more gender-aware and more gender-sensitive? Illustrated with experiences of gender interventions in numerous organisations, this book presents a practical approach to changing gender dynamics that is built on consensus. It includes a ‘road map’ for organisational change; material on organisational culture, the change agent, and gender; strategies for developing more gender-sensitive practice; and guidelines for a gender assessment of an organisation. For a full review, see Development in Practice 8(2):247—248.

Osborne, Stephen: Voluntary Organizations and Innovation in the Public Services, London: Routledge, 1998 (in association with Humanitarianism and War Project and IDRC) 2001, ISBN: 0 415 18256 5.
Based on research carried out in the UK, this volume seeks to assess the innovative capacity of voluntary organisations. Testing potential causal explanations for the development of such capacity, the author builds a theory of innovation under nonmarket and non-profit conditions. He also draws out a list of recommendations to help managers in government and the voluntary sector become more creative and inventive.

Rao, Aruna, Rieky Stuart, and David Kelleher: Gender at Work: Organizational Change for Equality, West Harcourt, CT: Kumarian Press, 1999, ISBN: 1 56549 102 5, 272 pp.
This volume analyses institutional barriers to gender equality and provides insights into how gender relations can be transformed. In-depth examples from diverse organisations and countries lay out strategies and approaches for transforming organisations into cultures expressing gender equity, and raise new questions about how gender-responsive policies and practices can best be advocated.

Roche, Chris: Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change, Oxford: Oxfam (in association with Novib), 1999, ISBN: 0 85598 418 X, 160 pp.
This book focuses on the centrality of impact assessment to all stages of development programmes. Its basic premise is that impact assessment should not be limited to the immediate outputs of a project or programme, but should incorporate any lasting or significant changes that it brought about. After providing a theoretical overview, the author discusses the design of impact-assessment processes and then illustrates
their use in development, in emergencies, and in advocacy work. Roche ends by exploring ways in which different organisations have attempted to institutionalise impact-assessment processes and the challenges they have encountered in doing so. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice 10(2):261–262.

Suzuki, Naoki: Inside NGOs: Learning to manage conflicts between headquarters and field offices, London: ITDG Publishing, 1998, ISBN 1 8533 9413 0, 224 pp.
Acknowledging that NGOs are often complex entities that have multiple offices staffed by diverse members with diverse values, this book concentrates on the tensions that inevitably arise between headquarters and field offices and suggests ways to resolve areas of conflict. Drawing on the voices of NGO practitioners to improve international development efforts, the book presents concrete strategies to address practical problems. For a full review of this book, see Development in Practice 8(4):486–487.

Tennyson, Ros: Managing Partnerships: Tools for Mobilising the Public Sector, Business and Civil Society as Partners in Development, London: The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum, 1998, ISBN: 1 8991 5984 3, 124 pp.
This book seeks to provide development practitioners with the skills, confidence, and encouragement they need to develop cross-sectoral initiatives with the public sector, business, and civil society. Topics covered include how to plan and resource partnerships; how to develop cross-sector working relationships; how to build partnership organisations; how to develop action learning and sharing programmes; how to manage the partnership-building process and overcome obstacles; and how to
measure the impact of partnership activity. The appendices offer checklists and prompts for practitioners involved in resource mobilisation, tips on how to manage cross-sector encounters, and notes on action research and impact assessment.

BOOKS - (MULTI-) INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES AND ORGANISATIONAL CASE STUDIES
Alsop, Ruth, Elon Gilbert, John Farrington, and Rajiv Khandelwal: Coalitions of Interest: Partnerships for Processes of Agricultural Change, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000, ISBN: 81 7036 890 1, 308 pp.
While significant rural policy reforms have been carried out in India, large sections of the agricultural population have not benefited from them. This book examines the agricultural scenario in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan and establishes the need for what the authors call process monitoring (PM), or the interaction and collaboration between different stakeholders: various levels of government, NGOs, and farmers’ groups. The authors conclude that practical mechanisms are needed to bring about the consensus necessary to effect change through multiple stakeholder interaction; and argue that PM is the key tool to enable such coalitions to work.

Eade, Deborah, Tom Hewitt, and Hazel Johnson, eds.: Development and Management: Experiences in Value-Based Conflict, Oxford: Oxfam (in association with The Open University), 2000, ISBN: 0 85598 429 5, 320 pp.
Development is a complex process of negotiation over meanings, values, and social goals within the sphere of public action, not merely a question of project-based interventions, or of quantifiable inputs and outputs. This volume draws on The Open University’s path-breaking work in the field of development management, and includes in-depth accounts by academics and development managers on topics that range from civil society organisations in Brazil and NGO workers in Egypt to government departments in Tanzania and black feminist activists in the UK.

Estrella, Marisol, ed., with Jutta Blauert, Dindo Campilan, John Gaventa, Julian Gonsalves, Irene Guijt, Deb Johnson, and Roger Ricafort: Learning from Change: Issues and Experiences in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, London: ITDG Publishing, 2000, ISBN: 1 85339 469 6, 288pp.
A compilation of case studies and discussions drawn from an international
workshop on participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) held in the
Philippines in 2000, this volume provides an overview of relevant themes and experiences in this field. Part I offers a literature review of methodological innovations in PM&E practice worldwide. Part II presents case studies that illustrate the diversity of settings in which PM&E has been undertaken. Finally, Part III raises key questions and challenges arising from the case studies and the workshop proceedings, identifying areas for further research and action.

Hanna, Nagy and Robert Picciotto: Making Development Work: Development Learning in a World of Poverty and Wealth, Washington, DC: Transaction Publishers, 2002, ISBN: 0 7658 0915 X, 372 pp.
The World Bank’s Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) initiative has been launched in 12 developing countries. Its four key principles are: a holistic longterm vision of development; domestic ownership of development programmes; a results-oriented approach; and stronger partnerships and collaboration between government, the private sector, and civil society. Section I of this volume describes the evolution in development thinking that culminated in the CDF. Section II focuses on country ownership of development policies and programmes. Section III looks at results and at the ways in which aid agencies might enhance their impact on development. Section IV focuses on partnerships between aid agencies and their
beneficiaries. The concluding chapter identifies key lessons learned, and proposes that multi-faceted approaches that incorporate ‘client empowerment’ and social learning should replace top-down, ‘one-size-fits-all’ prescriptions.

Jackson, Edward and Yusuf Kassam: Knowledge Shared: Participatory Evaluation in Development Cooperation, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998, ISBN: 1 56549
085 1, 272 pp.
The authors analyse the theory and practice of participatory evaluation around the world, arguing that it is a key ingredient in development because it helps mobilise local knowledge in conjunction with outside expertise to make development interventions more effective. With case studies from Bangladesh, El Salvador, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, and St Vincent, the book is a guide to a community-based approach to evaluation that is at once a learning process, a means of taking action, and a catalyst for empowerment.

Kanji, Nasneen and L Greenwood: Participatory Approaches to Research and Development in IIED: Learning from Experience, London: IIED, 2001, 62 pp.
Part of IIED’s Policy and Planning Processes series, this volume is the result of a year-long exercise of participatory learning within the organisation. Reflecting on past experiences and acknowledging internal problems and weaknesses, the report is aimed at making IIED more transparent and at encouraging other organisations to carry out similar exercises. In particular, it illustrates the complexities involved in ‘practising what you preach’ and exemplifies the difficulty in adhering to the values that underpin ‘participation’ in a demanding and competitive environment.

Kelleher, D. and K. McLaren: Grabbing the Tiger by the Tail: NGOs Learning for Organizational Change, Ottawa: Canadian Council for International Cooperation, 1996, ISBN: 1 8966 2200 3, 190 pp.
In the face of declining resources, NGOs have had to address difficult issues of restructuring, downsizing, and rationalisation. This book proposes an approach to these organisational changes that will equip NGOs with the necessary skills to Development and the Learning Organisation 400
resolve their problems and rejuvenate their organisations. It describes in clear detail the experiences of several Canadian NGOs that have successfully undertaken structural reforms and draws lessons from their example. A video version of this book also exists, and both the book and the video are available in French.

Khor, Martin and Lim Li Lin, eds.: Good Practices and Innovative Experiences in the South: Economic, Environmental and Sustainable Livelihoods Initiatives (vol. 1); Good Practices and Innovative Experiences in the South: Social Policies, Indigenous Knowledge and Appropriate Technology (vol. 2); Good Practices and Innovative Experiences in the
South: Citizen Initiatives in Social Services, Popular Education and Human Rights (vol. 3), London and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2001, ISBN: 1 84277 129 9, 255 pp. (vol.1); ISBN: 1 84277 131 0, 215 pp. (vol. 2); ISBN: 1 84277 133 7, 260 pp. (vol. 3)
These three volumes constitute an attempt by Third World Network and UNDP’s Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries to compile information on some of the best practices and innovative ideas that are being pioneered at the governmental, NGO, and community levels in developing countries. While the areas of experimentation are fairly diverse, all the experiences recounted here rely on the same basic principles: respect for local knowledge systems; harmony with the environment; equity; and democratic, participatory involvement. Providing examples of successful development efforts in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, the editors seek to contribute to the process of learning and replication elsewhere.

Murthy, Ranjani K., ed.: Building Women’s Capacities: Interventions in Gender Transformation, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001, ISBN 81 7829 012 X, 383 pp.
Addressing the question of female empowerment in India, this volume examines how women’s capacities can be strengthened so that they are better able to confront the challenges that face them, and how to go about sensitising men to gender issues. Contributors describe the difficulties they encountered, and the strategies they adopted to overcome them, in promoting gender training and participation and in building gender-transformative capacities. Viewing empowerment as part of a
wider process of social change and not as an isolated phenomenon, the case studies demonstrate that empowerment needs to occur in multiple arenas, including the personal (e.g. control over one’s own body), the social (e.g. an individual’s standing in the community), the economic (e.g. control over resources), and the political (e.g. participation in decision making).

di Notarbartolo Villarosa, Francesco: Information, Management and Participation: A New Approach from Public Health in Brazil, London: Frank Cass, 1998, ISBN: 0 7146 4353 X.
Development projects aimed at improving general well-being need to be able to reach the most vulnerable groups. However, official ‘top-down’ information is often incapable of identifying, prioritising, and ‘marking out’ these groups at the local level, and the result may be an unfair, inefficient, and ineffective allocation and use of resources. Based on an in-depth analysis of a development health project carried out in Brazil in the 1990s, this book argues that a ‘process approach’ is necessary to generate relevant knowledge about local needs, especially in poor urban areas. Such an approach fosters flexibility and adaptability to the local context.

Smillie, Ian and John Hailey: Managing for Change: Leadership, Strategy and Management in Asian NGOs, London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2001, ISBN: 1 85383 721 0, 193 pp.
As the number of NGOs increases, so they need to work harder at preserving their distinctiveness and effectiveness. Based on their analysis of how nine successful NGOs in Asia are managed, the authors seek to identify the key characteristics of a sustained growth process, and the strategies, management styles, and organisational structures that are more likely to lead to success. For a full review, see Development in Practice 12(3&4):549–551.

The Sphere Project: The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva: The Sphere Project, 2000, ISBN: 9 2913 9059 3, 322 pp.
An international initiative aimed at improving the effectiveness and accountability of disaster response, the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response spells out the rights and minimum standards that organisations providing humanitarian assistance should guarantee to those affected by natural disasters. The Humanitarian Charter is based on the principles and provisions of international humanitarian, human rights, and refugee law, and on the principles of the Red Cross and the NGO Code of Conduct. The Handbook then sets out minimum standards in five core sectors: water supply and sanitation; nutrition; food aid; shelter
and site planning; and health services. Available also in French, Russian, and Spanish, the full text is available at www.sphereproject.org/handbook_index.htm.

Uphoff, Norman, Milton Esman, and Anirudh Krishna: Reasons for Success: Learning from Instructive Experiences in Rural Development, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998, ISBN: 1 56549 076 2, 236 pp.
A sequel to Reasons for Hope published in 1996, this volume is informed by the authors’ concern that rural development is increasingly neglected in economic development circles. They seek to demonstrate, however, that improving rural living standards depends more on ideas, leadership, and appropriate methods than on financial resources as such.

Wood, Adrian, Raymond Apthorpe, and John Borton, eds.: Evaluating International Humanitarian Action: Reflections from Practitioners, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 2001, ISBN: 1 85649 976 6, 224 pp.
This book analyses humanitarian assistance both in terms of how it is (and should be) delivered, and in terms of how it is (and should be) evaluated, and draws upon the experiences of those engaged in humanitarian programme evaluations and the lessons they learned in the process. Compiled by the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Assistance (ALNAP), the case studies are drawn from four continents, including Central Asia and the Balkans, and illustrate the different kinds of emergencies that have afflicted so many people over the past decade. The volume addresses the context in which evaluations of
humanitarian assistance take place; the process of doing evaluations; and lessons to improve the conduct of evaluations in future. For a full review, see Development in Practice 12 (3&4):551–553.

JOURNALS
Professional schools, especially those in management and business administration, are a natural home for journals featuring the latest thinking on learning and organisational development. While it would be impossible to list all of these publications, two particularly prominent examples are the Harvard Business Review (ISSN: 0017 8012) and the MIT Sloan Management Review Quarterly (ISSN: 1532 9194), which have become trusted sources of useful and innovative ideas on organisational learning and managerial excellence. Their regular contributors
include business-management innovators like Peter Drucker, Henry Mintzberg, and Peter Senge (see above). Although these journals naturally focus on the corporate sector, they are increasingly paying attention to learning and management innovation in the non-profit sector.

Development in Practice, published five times a year: Routledge/Taylor & Francis on behalf of Oxfam GB. Editor: Deborah Eade, ISSN: 0961 4524
This is a multi-disciplinary journal of practice-based analysis and research
concerning the social dimensions of development and humanitarianism. It acts as a forum for debate and the exchange of ideas among practitioners, policy makers, and academics worldwide. The journal seeks to challenge current assumptions, stimulate new thinking, and shape future ways of working. developmentinpractice.org.

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, published three times a year: Sage Publications. Editors: Terence Jackson, ESCP-EAP European School of Management, Paris-Oxford-Berlin-Madrid, and Zeynep Aycan, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey, ISSN: 1470 5958
This journal seeks to provide a specialized academic forum for the discussion and dissemination of research on inter-cultural and trans-cultural aspects of
management, work, and organisation. In particular, it explores the ways in which culture influences management theory and practice. The journal is linked with three international organisations: the Centre for Cross Cultural Management Research, the International Organizational Network (ION), and the International Society for the Study of Work and Organizational Values (ISSWOV). www.sagepub.co.uk/journals.

Journal of Organizational Change Management, published bi-monthly: Emerald Insight. Editor: David M. Boje, Management Department, New Mexico State University, USA, ISSN: 0953 4814
An interdisciplinary forum to analyse and discuss the latest theoretical approaches and practices underpinning successful organisational change, this journal focuses on how organisations can manage change positively and implement it effectively. www.emeraldinsight.com/journals/jocm/jourinfo.htm

The Learning Organization – An International Journal, published bi-monthly: Emerald Insight. Editor: Jim Grieves, Teeside School of Business and Management, University of Teeside, UK, ISSN: 0969 6474.
Committed to furthering research and knowledge on what the learning
organisation is and does, this journal presents ideas, generates debate, and offers case-study material and practical examples to practitioners, consultants, researchers, and students worldwide. Its aim is to illustrate how a culture of learning can be implemented, so that an organisation never ceases to grow. www.emeraldinsight.com/tlo.htm.

Management Learning, published quarterly: Sage Publications. Editors-in-Chief: Christopher Grey, University of Cambridge, UK, and Elena Antonacopoulou, Manchester Business School, UK, ISSN: 1350 5076.
Through the publication of creative enquiry and the promotion of dialogue and debate, this journal addresses fundamental issues in management and
organisational learning. Chris Argyris (above) describes it as ‘[a] journal full of insights and actionable ideas that are useful for practitioners and scholars.’ Themes covered include the nature of management learning, the process of learning, and learning outcomes. www.sagepub.co.uk/journals

Nonprofit Management and Leadership, published quarterly: Jossey-Bass on behalf of the Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations. Editor: Roger A. Lohmann, Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Case Western Reserve University, USA, ISSN: 1048 6682
The only journal to focus exclusively on the problems faced by the non-profit sector, it offers state-of-the-art thinking on issues such as fundraising, strategic planning, governance, human resources, financial resource development and management, management of change and innovation, and organisational effectiveness. www.wileyeurope.com/cda/sec/0,,6160,00.html.

PLA Notes, published three times a year: IIED.
An informal journal focusing on participatory approaches and methods, which
offers a forum for practitioners to share field experiences, conceptual reflections, and methodological innovations. Free of charge for non-OECD subscribers. The first 40 issues of PLA Notes are also available on CD ROM.
www.planotes.org

Public Administration and Development, published five times a year: John Wiley & Sons. Editor: P. Collins, Institute for International Policy Analysis, University of Bath, UK, ISSN: 0271 2075
Focusing on development issues in less industrialised and transitional economies, this journal reports, reviews, and assesses the practice and implications of public administration at all levels. It gives special attention to research on the management of all phases of public policy formulation and implementation, as well as to questions of development management in the NGO sector. Public Administration and Development also produces selected abstracts on key themes, drawn from a variety of journals. Its February 2002 issue was devoted to the topic of ‘Government-Nonprofit Relations in Comparative Perspective’. Other special issues have included ‘Development Training’ (February 1999) and ‘The Challenges of State Transformation in South Africa’ (May 2000). www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0271-2075/

World Development, published monthly: Elsevier Science. Editor: Janet L. Craswell, American University, USA, ISSN: 0305 750 X
Recognising ‘development’ as a process of change involving nations, economies, political alliances, institutions, groups, and individuals, the journal is dedicated to examining potential solutions to the key problems of development, including poverty, environmental degradation, inadequate scientific and technological resources, international debt, gender and ethnic discrimination, civil conflict, and lack of popular participation in economic and political life. www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/0305750X

LEADING EXPERTS IN THE FIELD
Chris Argyris is an organisational psychologist whose work on the behaviour of groups and the individuals within them has significantly furthered our
understanding of team dynamics and group conflict. His work on dialogue and
organisational learning is based on the premise that individuals are resistant to change and will adopt defensive routines if they feel threatened. In addition, there usually is a significant gap between what people say they will do and what they actually do. Such behaviour, which helps to perpetuate cover-ups and defensive routines, hinders the learning required to bring about desirable individual and organisational change. However, believing in the potential of individuals to learn and to effect change, Argyris developed his theory of double-loop learning in 1976. This involves learningto challenge the assumptions that underlie existing views, and publicly testinghypotheses about behaviour. The process should lead to more effective decision
making and better acceptance of failures and mistakes. A second key concept is the ladder of inference – the progressive process of making observations, gathering information, making assumptions, and deciding action. Argyris believes that people tend to climb this ladder too fast. When a similar dynamic occurs within an organisational setting, it may well generate tension and escalate conflict. Much of Argyris’ work was undertaken in collaboration with Donald Schön. For a detailed bibliography, see www.enhanced-designs.com/actnet/argbib.htm.

Robert Chambers is based at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, where he is a member of the Participation Group. A prolific writer, he has become one of the most influential proponents of participatory development. His latest book, Participatory Workshops: a Sourcebook of 21 Sets of Ideas and Activities (London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan 2002), is a guide to interactive learning. His previous works, including Rural Development: Putting the Last First (1983) and Whose
Reality Counts? Putting the First Last (1997), criticise top-down models of development in favour of participatory approaches and methods that view farmers in resource-poor areas as innovators and adapters, and recognise that their agendas and priorities should be central to development research and thinking. A proponent of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which has since given rise to numerous adaptations, Chambers argues that the poor will be empowered only if personal, professional, and institutional changes take place within development and donor agencies.

Peter Drucker has since 1971 been Clarke Professor of Social Science and
Management at the Claremont Graduate School in Claremont, California, whose Graduate Management Center is named after him. Drucker is now a consultant specialising in strategy and policy in the corporate, non-profit, and public sectors. A hugely prolific writer, Drucker has identified and examined some of the most important issues confronting contemporary managers, from corporate strategy and management style to social change. For 20 years a columnist for The Wall Street Journal, Drucker’s many works on economics, politics, and management have been translated into more than 20 languages. Some well-known titles include The End of Economic Man (1939, 1995), The Future of Industrial Man (1942, 1994), and The New
Society (1949, 1992). Other relevant works include Managing in Turbulent Times (1980, 1992) and Managing the Nonprofit Organization (1990). For a full bibliographic listing, see www.peter-drucker.com.

Paulo Freire was a leading figure in the struggle to empower the dispossessed
through education, and his ideas have left an indelible mark in the fields of
development and popular organisation. He believed that education was not merely about teaching decontextualised literacy skills (‘banking education’), but about encouraging participation in the political process through knowledge of reading and writing (‘conscientisation’ and ‘reading the world’). These radical ideas led the military government in Brazil to expel him in the early 1960s, not to return until 1979, when the country was returning to democratic rule. Freire’s most famous work, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York, NY:Continuum, 1970), remains the best introduction to his critique of conventionaleducation and a manifesto for his ideas. Other works include Pedagogy of Hope (NewYork, NY: Continuum, 1994), A Pedagogy for Liberation: Dialogues on Transforming Education. (with Ira Shor, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1987), and We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change (with Myles Horton, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1990). Further information on the life and work of Freire, including further reading, references, and links can be found at www.infed.org/thinkers/et-freir.htm and other websites.

Henry Mintzberg is Cleghorn Professor of Management Studies at McGill
University in Montreal and Visiting Scholar at INSEAD in Fontainbleau, France. An expert in the areas of managerial work, strategy formation, and forms of organising, he has worked in collaboration with a multicultural team to develop approaches to management education that help managers learn from their own experience. In Developing Managers, not MBAs (Financial Times & Prentice Hall, 2004), Mintzberg summarises his
thinking on education and the development of managers; Why I Hate Flying (New York, NY and London: Texere, 2001) is a humorous critique of the flying and the managing businesses, and of commercialism in general; The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning: Reconceiving Roles for Planning, Plans, Planners (New York, NY: Free Press, 1994) is a critique of how organisations mistake planning for management, and hence cease to operate strategically. Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour through the Wilds of Strategic Management (co-authored with Bruce Ahlstrand and Joe Lampel) (New
York, NY: Free Press and Prentice-Hall International, 1989) identifies ten different schools of thought on strategy formation (for example, as a process of conception, as a process of negotiation, or as a reactive process). For each school, they discuss the leading figures behind it and provide a critique of its main contributions and limitations. Web: www.henrymintzberg.com

Gareth Morgan teaches at the Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto and is a leading thinker and writer in the field of organisational learning. Focusing on the transition to an information age, Morgan believes that new approaches to organising and managing our roles in the workplace are the only way to meet the challenges. Much of his work has centred upon how to release creativity and innovation, how to design and manage decentralised networks, and how to use theories of paradox and self-organisation to find better methods of managing change. Recent works include Images of Organization (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997), and Imaginization: New Mindsets for Seeing, Organizing, and
Managing (San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 1997)

Reg Revans was a pioneer of action learning. While working for the Cavendish Laboratories in Cambridge in the 1920s, Revans ‘learned to learn’ by taking part in weekly seminars where researchers were allowed only to describe what was not working with their projects. Through ‘sharing ignorance’ with his colleagues, Revans concluded that ‘Learning = Knowledge + Questioning’, where ‘Knowledge’ is defined in static terms as the traditional instruction ‘fed’ to learners. True learning takes place outside the safety of the traditional knowledge base, in the ‘Questioning’ zone. His most influential book, in which he describes in detail the processes involved in action learning, is The ABC of Action Learning (Bromley, VT: Chartwell-Bratt, 1983). For more information, visit the International Foundation for Action Learning website: www.ifal.org.uk.

Donald Schön was a philosopher by profession, but was committed to being an effective educator and helping other practitioners to be more effective too. His varied career spanned teaching urban studies, architecture, and planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as co-founding and directing the Organization for Social and Technical Innovation (OSTI), a non-profit social research and development company based in the Boston area. Working in close association with Chris Argyris, Schön’s best-known works include Beyond the Stable State (London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1971), and Educating the Reflective Practitioner (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1990).

Peter Senge is based at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A pioneer in the field of organisational learning in the private sector, Senge specialises in the ways in which organisations can develop learning capabilities in a world that is increasingly complex and subject to change. He chaired the Society for Organizational Learning, which aimed to ‘discover, integrate, and implement theories and practices for the interdependent development of people and their institutions’ until it closed in 1999. Senge’s bestselling
work The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, (New York, NY: Doubleday/Currency, 1990) presents tools and principles to help managers understand the structures and dynamics underlying organisational problems. His most recent work, The Dance of Change (New York, NY:Doubleday, 1999), argues that sustaining growth requires a fundamental shift in thinking. Contact details: psenge@sloan.mit.edu

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