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Annotated bibliography
Development in Practice seeks to challenge conventional assumptions about development and to stimulate new approaches to the task of bringing about social and economic justice for all. We aim to bring practice and analysis together in the belief that neither can be effective without the other.
Based on the tenth-anniversary issue of the journal, this Reader illustrates some of the debates in which development NGOs are actively involved, seen both from inside the sector and by concerned activists, scholars, and aid-watchers. These debates range from engagement with external realities, whether the impact of macro-economic policies and the role of the corporate sector, or the complexities of working in situations of armed conflict, to concerns about internal organisational matters such as management culture or how to evaluate the impact of advocacy. For the most part, the contributions from NGO staff are grounded in practice, rather than engaging with intellectual theory. This suggests that, while they may be value-driven, today's international NGOs are guided more by pragmatism than by ideology. The exception proves the rule that, as action-oriented organisations, NGOs tend to steer clear of academic debate, and are not - and perhaps cannot afford to be - overly concerned with radical critiques of the development paradigm within which they operate.
In compiling this Annotated Bibliography, we have therefore sought mainly to situate some of the issues addressed in the Reader within a wider context, rather than exploring more theoretical directions. (The bibliographies in earlier Readers have generally sought to do this - see the entry below. )
Unlike other titles in the series, this Reader is not strictly thematic, in the sense of being concerned with a discrete topic. So, in keeping with its celebratory nature, we have included works written or sugggested by contributors, as well as information about some of the organisations with which they are connected. And, since this Reader was compiled in collaboration with Oxfam International, we have also highlighted some of the organisation's recent publications. While this brief bibliography is unashamedly idiosyncratic, we trust that it will serve to encourage further thought and reading, and to stimulate debate. It was compiled by Deborah Eade and Nicola Frost, Editor and Reviews Editor respectively of Development in Practice.
Books
Haleh Afshar and Stephanie Barrientos (eds.): Women, Globalization and Fragmentation in the Developing World, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.
Insecurity and feminisation of the international labour market have affected women in differing ways. Many households are now headed by women as men migrate farther afield in search of work, and their burdens are further increased by the withdrawal of the State from welfare services. However, flexible employment opportunities have helped to empower some women. Contributors examine womens varied experiences of globalisation and challenge Western orthodoxies on matters such as Islam, and women-headed households, as well as illustrating the shared concerns of women at either end of the global food chain.
Samir Amin: Spectres of Capitalism: A Critique of Current Intellectual Fashions, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998.
The author criticises the belief in a global capitalist triumph by focusing on the aspirations of the destitute millions of the post-Cold War era. He examines the changing notion of crisis in capitalism, misconceptions about the free market, culture in revolutions, the decline of 'the law of value', the philosophical roots of post-modernism, the impact of telecommunications on ideology, and the myth of pure economics. See also Capitalism in the Age of Globalization: The Management of Contemporary Society (1997).
Mary B Anderson and Peter J Woodrow, Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Times of Disaster, London: Lynne Rienner, 1989 (new edn 1998).
Building on many case studies, the authors demonstrate that relief programmes are never neutral in their impact on development, and that the nature of development contains within it the seeds of how catastrophes will affect differing social groups. The resulting Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis (CVA) is a practical framework to track the dynamic relationship between differing peoples needs, vulnerabilities, and capacities. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace or War (1999), also by Mary B Anderson and based on the Local Capacities for Peace Project, provides a framework to analyse how international aid interacts with 'dividers' and 'connectors' in any given conflict-affected setting, and so help to feed (or reduce) intergroup tensions or to weaken (or strengthen) intergroup connections.
Helge Ole Bergesen and Leiv Lunde, Dinosaurs or Dynamos? The United Nations and the World Bank at the Turn of the Century, London: Earthscan, 1999.
The authors explore what can be expected of the UN and the World Bank in terms of their stated aims regarding world development. Opening with historical overviews of the two bodies, the authors go on to compare them today. They call for a scaling down of the inflated claims made by and on behalf of these institutions and they argue that their roles should be reconceived in more practical terms.
Robert Chambers: Whose Reality Counts?Putting the First Last, London, IT Publications, 1997.
A leading proponent of participatory approaches to development, Chambers argues here as elsewhere that unequal power relations between development professionals or agencies and their Third World 'partners' distort thinking and practice, and have a damaging effect on both parties. More than the tools and techniques with which PRA is associated, Chambers calls for development professionals to change their attitudes and behaviour.
Neera Chandhoke: State and Civil Society: Explorations in Political Theory, New Delhi: Sage India, 1995.
A theoretical survey of the history of civil society in Western political thought, this title includes a useful bibliography. It highlights some of the limitations of the standard theoretical constructions for how we think about civil society, for example the classification of household politics as a private rather than public concern. It also underlines the paradoxical belief that a free civil society can hold accountable the very State that constitutes it.
Emma Crewe and Elizabeth Harrison: Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid, London and New York: Zed Books, 1998.
Drawing on their respective experiences of working in an international NGO and a multilateral development agency, the authors analyse the diverse and often subtle impacts of power relations all along the aid chain, in terms of discourse, gender, ethnicity, and class. While not advocating a post-development position, the authors illustrate the impossibility of pure or disinterested development interventions.
Deborah Eade (ed): Development in Practice Readers, Oxford: Oxfam.
Each book in this series of thematic compilations from Development in Practice contains an original introductory essay on the chosen theme and an annotated bibliography. The bibliographies can be viewed at <developmentinpractice.org>. Of particular relevance to debates on development paradigms that are only touched upon in the present volume are Development and Patronage, Development and Rights, and Development, NGOs, and Civil Society, all of which are also available in Spanish. Development and Social Action includes many references to NGO advocacy and campaigning work.
Michael Edwards: Future Positive, London: Earthscan, 1999.
The author examines the international aid system its purpose and effectiveness, and the role of international institutions in its administration. Edwards posits a future of collective action based on critical friendship, in which NGOs and civil society (an active global citizenry) lead the drive for change. He is co-editor (with David Hulme) of: NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort?, Macmillan, 1997; NGOs - Performance and Accountability: Beyond the Magic Bullet, London: Earthscan, 1996; and Making a Difference: NGOs and Development in a Changing World, London: Earthscan, 1992.
John Elkington: Cannibals with Forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business, Oxford: Capstone, 1997.
The author argues that markets and corporations are increasingly sensitive not only to the financial bottom-line, but also to the need to ensure that business is both environmentally sustainable and socially responsible. While many observers question the sincerity of their commitment to the triple bottom-line, Elkington holds that enlightened self-interest could if companies were held publicly accountable for the impact of their behaviour eventually lead to changes in practice, much as businesses in the nineteenth century found that the political cost of the slave trade was eventually at odds with their own interests.
Paul Feyerabend: Against Method, London: Verso, 1993 (3rd edn, including introduction to Chinese edition).
Widely hailed as offerng an essential critique of scientific reductionism, the author argues that when scientific issues of public concern are discussed, intellectuals are frequently wrong - and/or wrong-headed - while 'ignorant' lay-people often prove to be right.
Nancy Folbre: Who Pays for the Kids: Gender and the Structures of Constraint, London: Routledge, 1994.
The author focuses on how and why people form overlapping groups that influence and limit what they want, how they behave, and what they get. She scrutinises feminist theory and political economy, and collective action and patriarchal power. A section on how structures of constraint have shaped histories of social reproduction in Europe, the USA, Latin America, and the Caribbean illustrates the relationship between various forms of patriarchal power and the expansion of wage employment.
John W. Foster, Anita Anand, Jing de la Rosa, et al.: Whose World is it Anyway? Civil Society, the United Nations and the Multilateral Future, Ottawa: The United Nations Association in Canada, 1999 (also available in French).
This compilation looks at the various forms of engagement by civil-society organisations (NGOs and social movements) with the UN system, most particularly through the series of conferences and 'Plus Five' reviews of the 1990s, and examines how the rules of the game are changing as other institutional actors emerge, and as transnational networks become a political force on the world stage.
Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown (eds.): The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1998.
This book analyses reforms within the World Bank that led to the adoption of more rigorous environmental and social policies, and asks how the Bank has responded to external critique and how far NGO advocacy campaigns represent the people most directly affected by Bank projects. The Bank is shown to be more publicly accountable as the result of protest and external scrutiny, and their empowering effect on insidereformers. NGO networks are also becoming more accountable to their 'partner' organisations, partly because of stronger grassroots movements, and partly in response to the Banks demand that they demonstrate their legitimacy.
Johan Galtung: Choose Peace: A Dialogue Between Johan Galtung and Daisaku Ikeda, London: Pluto Press, 1995.
In this volume, the founder of the International Peace Research Institute (IPRI) in Oslo is in discussion with the Buddhist scholar and NGO leader, Daisaku Ikeda, on issues such as nationalism, nuclear arms proliferation, religious fundamentalism, Western domination, the death penalty, and the role of the UN in peace-keeping. Galtung is a leading proponent of peace studies as an academic discipline. His many other works include Human Rights in Another Key, and Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization.
Susan George: The Lugano Report: On Preserving Capitalism in the Twenty-first Century, London: Pluto Press, 1999.
Written by a hypothetical team of policy intellectuals, convened by world leaders to consider the future of the global economy, this 'report' demonstrates the inherent instability of the existing capitalist system and identifies a set of uncompromising recommendations on the measures that would logically need to be taken for the rich to remain on top. Susan George then examines these morally repugnant recommendations and offers an alternative vision of the future. Associate Director of the Transnational Institute in Amsterdam, she is the author of several classic texts, including How the Other Half Dies and The Debt Boomerang.
Anthony Giddens and Will Hutton (eds.): On the Edge, London: Jonathan Cape, 2000.
Contributors, who include Manuel Castells, Richard Sennett, Vandana Shiva, George Soros, and Paul Volcher, chart the contours of contemporary capitalism, analyse the role of business in the new context of innovation and competitiveness, and discuss the impact of globalisation on the nature of the capitalist venture. Giddens' many works include The Third Way and Its Critics, and Runaway World: How Globalisation is Changing Our Lives. Hutton is author of The State We Are In.
Eric Hobsbawm: On the Edge of the New Century, London: Little, Brown, & Co., 2000.
In interview with Antonio Polito, Hobsbawm discusses topics such as US hegemony and the decline of the Western Empire, the global economy, culture and the 'global village', the disappearance of any sharp distinction between a state of war and a state of peace, and the depoliticisation of politics. This book and his earlier work, The Age of Extremes, offer a concise account of the thinking of one of the foremost historians of the twentieth century.
Cecile Jackson and Ruth Pearson (eds.): Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy, London: Routledge, 1998.
Contributions from feminist scholars and development practitioners chart the route from the socialist feminism of the 1970s, to the more global issues of the late 1990s, including the environment, civil society, and macro-economic policy, while education, industrialisation, and population policy also remain high on the gender and development agenda.
Allan Kaplan: The Development of Capacity, Geneva: UN NGLS, 1999.
The author challenges development practitioners to rethink the 'development project' paradigm, and the values and assumptions that this entails. Any new model must be flexible enough to accommodate the wide range of development organisations, and the uncertainties of organisational change. Kaplan advocates a holistic understanding of the factors governing organisational capacity, rather than the rigid, technical approach adopted by many Northern donors and aid agencies. See also The Development Practitioners' Handbook, Pluto Press, 1999.
Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds.): Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the Twenty-first Century, 1999, Oxford: OUP.
Taking the concept of natural public goods into the international arena, this book identifies an under-supply of global public goods as the key to understanding the crises affecting the modern world, achieving financial stability, and reducing environmental pollution. Drawing on development and aid literature, and on economic theory, the contributors argue that, while there is little incentive to governments to pursue promotion of global public goods, participation in such activities remains largely limited to governments, despite an increasingly diverse civil society.
Norman Uphoff, Milton Esman, and Anirudh Krishna: Reasons for Success: Learning from Instructive Experiences in Rural Development, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian, 1998.
The authors draw on an earlier work, Reasons for Hope, in outlining their concern that development economists are increasingly neglecting rural development. Drawing on case-study material, they argue that an improvement in rural living standards depends less on money alone, and more on ideas, leadership, and appropriate methods of work.
Margaret E Keck and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.): Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Contributors explore the emergence of networks which coalesce and operate across national frontiers, constituting a type of pressure group whose importance was until recently overlooked by political analysts.
Rajni Kothari: Human Consciousness and the Amnesia of Development, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1993.
Arguing that poverty is not primarily a matter of economics, but a particular state of social, political, psychological, and existential being that defines the human condition at any given point, the author examines the institutions and processes that create and maintain exclusion and immiseration. He calls not for utopian theoretical solutions, but for 'ethical intervention' by ordinary people in order to rechart the course of history.
Mary Ann Liddell and Marsha Ann Dickson: Social Responsibility in the Global Market: Fair Trade of Cultural Products, London: Sage, 1999.
The authors review the successes and failures of seven Alternative Trading Organisations (ATOs) in examining how, in practice, it is possible to reconcile the consumer's social concerns with the producer's financial interests. They offer a model to show how to develop an effective fair-trade system within an increasingly global market.
Marshall McLuhan: Understanding Media, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.
Reprinted to mark the thirtieth anniversary of this 1960s classic on the then-emerging phenomenon of mass media, with an introduction by Lewis Lapham that reviews McLuhan's work in the light of the technological, political, and social changes that have since taken place. McLuhan's influence is alive today, as phrases like 'the global village' and 'the medium is the message' are part of the common lexicon. A major biography was written by Neil Postman, himself a leading critic of the uncritical adoption of technology without regard for its ideological meaning.
Maria Mies: Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour (2nd edn), London: Zed Books, 1999.
A classic text in which the author argues that feminist analysis must transcend the divisions created by a capitalist patriarchal system between Northern and Southern women. Mies explores the womens movement worldwide, the history of colonialist processes, and the relationship between womens liberation and national liberation struggles. She calls for a feminist perspective that transcends the international system of gender roles and the gendered division of labour, and for a society where the liberation of some is not based on the exploitation of others.
Brian K. Murphy: Transforming Ourselves, Transforming the World: An Open Conspiracy for Social Change, London: Zed Books, 1999.
The author presents a personal vision of the way in which modern society immobilises individuals, fragmenting our existence, while also imposing uniformity and stifling creativity. The open conspiracy of the title with a focus on education, learning, growth, risk taking, and activism is, Murphy argues, the best way to enact a radical humanist approach to social change and freedom from domination.
Carolyn Nordstrom: A Different Kind of War Story (Ethnography of Political Violence series), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
Describing some of the many civil society activies in which people in Mozambique were engaged even in the midst of war, the author notes that, without a working system of governance, people did not become mean and brutish, but re-created their own order and systems for caring. However, the formal systems of governance that is, the fighting forces were brutish in the extreme. This points to lessons for how best to support civilian activity in times of war. Nordstrom's other titles include The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror, and Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival.
Robert OBrien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, and Marc Williams: Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
In the face of growing popular opposition to the policies of the multilateral economic institutions, the authors suggest that a contest over global governance is the legacy of the twentieth century. They analyse the response of the IMF, World Bank, and WTO to pressure from social movements, and trace the shifting strategies of elements of civil society in their struggle to influence these institutions. The book demonstrates the growing complexity of contemporary multilateralism, which, it is argued, is applicable beyond the three institutions under scrutiny.
Sol Piciotto and Ruth Mayne (eds.): Regulating International Business: Beyond Liberalization, Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan and Oxfam, 2000.
A compilation of papers written as part of the debate stimulated by the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), negotiations on which were suspended by the OECD in 1998. A controversial proposal, the MAI gave rise to an unprecedented level of international mobilisation, focused on transnational companies and the WTO, and against neo-liberal economic policies more generally. This book seeks to broaden the agenda in order to address concerns about poverty and sustainable development which should be dealt with in a multilateral framework for investment.
Fenella Porter, Ines Smyth, and Caroline Sweetman (eds.): Gender Works: Oxfam Experience in Policy and Practice, Oxford: Oxfam, 1999.
Gender equity can be promoted only when the working culture and the underlying values of a given organisation take this concern as a point of departure, rather than as an afterthought. However, organisations are made up of individuals, who bring their own values and attitudes to their work. This volume reflects debates about gender and organisational culture, especially in the NGO sector. Contributors reflect on their diverse experience of Oxfam's application of its formal commitment to promoting gender equity.
Aseem Prakash and Jeffrey A Hart (eds.): Coping With Globalization, London: Routledge, 2000.
In the third in a series of volumes on advances in international political economy, contributors consider the conceptual issues raised by the asymmetrical policy and trade environment, in order to review the coping strategies of governments and businesses in the face of major changes. The companion text, Responding to Globalization, focuses on the political, ideological, and economic factors behind responses to globalisation, while Globalization and Governance examines the effects of globalisation on governance and the State, and includes a literature overview.
Majid Rahnema with Victoria Bawtree (eds.): The Post-Development Reader, London: Zed Books, 1997.
This original and challenging compilation brings together many incisive readings on the dominant development paradigm and on contemporary development practice, particularly from outstanding Southern thinkers such as Arturo Escobar, Gustavo Esteva, Eduardo Galeano, Ivan Illich, Ashis Nandy, and Hassan Zaoual. Its extensive bibliography suggests many other areas that development professionals would do well to explore.
Chris Roche: Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change, Oxford: Oxfam with Novib, 1999.
The author shows how and why impact assessment needs to be integrated into all stages of development programmes, from planning to evaluation. His basic premise is that it should refer not to the immediate outputs or effects of a project or programme, but to any lasting or significant changes that it brought about. From a theoretical overview, he moves on to discuss specific tools and methods, illustrating their application in development, emergency relief, and advocacy work. The book includes a number of case studies by Oxfam GB and Novib staff and by organisations supported by them.
Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom, Oxford: OUP, 1999.
In this comprehensive critique of neo-liberal orthodoxies, Sen argues that human freedoms 'are not only the primary ends of development, they are also among its principal means'. Economic growth cannot be an end in itself, nor will it ever 'trickle down' far enough to create a more equal society. Rather, the eradication of poverty requires the removal of tyranny and repression, and the expansion of economic opportunities that are underpinned by effective public services. A leading contributor to the UNDP Human Development Report, and with a consistent focus on rights and freedoms, Sen is the author of a number of highly influential works in the fields of ethics, development, and political economy.
David Sogge with Kees Biekart and John Saxby (eds.): Compassion and Calculation: The Business of Foreign Aid, London: Pluto, with Transnational Institute, 1996.
Large NGOs, or private aid agencies, continue to enjoy enormous public confidence, while also drawing increasing proportions of their income from government sources. The mechanisms for financial accountability are, however, far more developed than those designed to ensure political legitimacy. Contributors suggest that the NGO bubble will inevitably burst, and call on NGOs to be more honest and more courageous in deciding where their future lies.
Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva: Sphere (distributed by Oxfam GB), 2000.
Based on the Humanitarian Charter, which sets out the central legally based principles governing the provision of humanitarian aid, this book defines what people affected by disasters have a right to expect from aid agencies. This field-tested manual is a tool for improving the effectiveness and accountability of humanitarian assistance. It includes sections that present minimum standards for provision of water and sanitation, food aid and other nutritional inputs, shelter, and health services. Also available in French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.
UNDP: Human Development Report 2000, New York and Oxford: OUP, 2000.
The HDR was launched in 1990 as a counterweight to the influential World Development Report of the World Bank (see below). It focuses on the social and ethical dimensions of development, casting the enhancement of human well-being as both the end and the means to its attainment. Specifically, the HDR presents an alternative set of yardsticks to challenge the conventional measures of economic growth, such as gross national product and gross domestic product. Its statistics repeatedly demonstrate that economic growth alone cannot bring about equitable distribution, and that equity (between women and men, for instance) is not resource-dependent: many poor countries have a better record on gender equity than do far wealthier ones. The 2000 report focuses on human rights to development, and so breaks with the Cold War division of rights into political and civil versus social, economic, and cultural. It thus sets out the framework for a new discourse on rights-based development.
UNRISD: Visible Hands: Taking Responsibility for Social Development, Geneva: UNRISD, 2000.
The 1995 Social Summit, for which UNRISD produced States of Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalization, was followed by the Copenhagen Plus Five Summit in July 2000. This sequel report shows that few of the commitments made by UN member-states have been backed with action or resources. Neo-liberal globalisation has continued apace, albeit with greater public awareness of its harmful impacts. Technocratic decision making is undermining the accountability of State institutions and has forged a separation between economic and social policy. Corporate social responsibility has proved largely rhetorical, and a vocal but aid-dependent NGO sector is no substitute for a vibrant civil society. The hope is that rights-based development agendas can seize the public imagination, as the international finance and trade organisations at last begin to question their own assumptions. Much of the detailed original research on which Visible Hands is based is available in UNRISD's Occasional Papers series. Web: <www.unrisd.org>
Peter Uvin: Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda, West Harford CT: Kumarian, 1998.
Exploring the connections between international development aid and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the author situates the role of aid within a network of other factors, including the complex ethnic history of Rwanda. Uvin notes how ethnic tension can obscure broader political and economic issues, and asks why the ethnic hatred that was provoked by the ruling élite for political ends was taken up so readily by ordinary people. The potential symbiosis between aid and the ruling classes revealed here is also relevant in other national contexts.
Alison Van Rooy (ed.): Civil Society and the Aid Industry, London: Earthscan, in association with The North-South Institute, 1999.
Among official agencies and NGOs, civil society has become what Van Rooy calls an analytical hatstand. Uncritical and normative assumptions are made about what it is, how it functions, and how it can be supported by external agencies in furtherance of their own declared agendas of democratisation, good governance, and popular participation; but the lack of theoretical clarity in the context of over-hastily disbursed funds can make for interventions that are profoundly damaging in the long term. Critical case studies by scholar-activists from Hungary, Kenya, Peru, and Sri Lanka, are framed by excellent opening and concluding chapters by Van Rooy.
World Bank: World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, OUP and World Bank, Oxford, 200
As did the 1980 and 1990 reports, this report seeks to set out a contemporary definition of poverty and to outline the Bank's broad approach to poverty eradication for the coming decade. Noting that almost half the world's population lives on less than US$2 per day, the Bank argues that major reductions in poverty can be achieved through promoting equitable economic growth, making State institutions more accountable to all in society, and enhancing the security of those who are most vulnerable. The Development Gateway is an independent non-profit foundation set up by the Bank as an Internet portal to information, knowledge, and dialogue about sustainable development and poverty reduction. Web: www.worldbank.org/gateway/
Journals
Alternatives: A Journal for Social Transformation and Humane Governance: published quarterly by Lynne Rienner. ISSN: 0304-3754. Editors: Saul H. Mendovitz, D. L. Sheth, and Yoshikazu Sakamoto.
An alternative to conventional international journals about politics, providing a forum for feminist, post-colonial and post-modern scholarship in international relations. Contributors consider emerging new forms of world politics, challenge the ethnocentrism of much modern social and political analysis, and emphasise the possibilities of a humane global polity.
Alternatives Sud: published three times a year by L'Harmattan on behalf of Centre Tricontinental Louvain-La Neuve; also in book form. Editor: François Houtart.
A journal dedicated to disseminating alternative political and economic analysis emanating from Africa, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region, and to redressing the imbalance between Northern and Southern scholarship. Recent themes have included liberation theologies, democracy and the market, and the construction of poverty.
Democratization: published quarterly by Frank Cass, ISSN: 1351-0347. Editors: Peter Burnell and Peter Calvert.
Dedicated to gaining a better understanding of the evolution of democratic institutions and practices, both within and across national and cultural borders, the journal makes special reference to developing countries and post-communist societies, and aims to be of interest to policy makers and journalists as well as academics. See especially Jenny Pearce, Civil society, the market and democracy in Latin America 4(2), 1997.
Development: published quarterly by Sage on behalf of the Society for International Development. ISSN: 1011-6370. Editor: Wendy Harcourt.
A thematic journal to foster dialogue between activists and intellectuals committed to the search for alternative paths towards a sustainable and just world, with a particular focus on promoting local-global links. Relevant special issues include Globalization: Opening up spaces for civic engagement 40(2) 1997, Globalization: New institutions, new partnerships, new lives 40(3) 1997, and 'Commitments and Challenges: Reviewing social development' 43(2) 2000.
Development and Change: published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies. ISSN: 0012-155X. Editors: Ben White, Ashwani Saith, and Martin Doornbos
An interdisciplinary journal devoted to the critical analysis and discussion of the complete spectrum of current development issues, it publishes articles from all the social sciences and all intellectual persuasions. Special thematic and guest-edited issues are published regularly.
Development Dialogue: published twice-yearly by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, ISSN:0345-2328. Editors: Sven Hamrell and Olle Nordberg.
A thematic and often guest-edited journal of international co-operation which, in the mid-1970s, became a vehicle for the school of thought known as 'Another Development' and associated with Marc Nerfin of the International Foundation for Development Alternatives (IFDA) and Manfred Max-Neef.
Development in Practice: published five times a year by Carfax, Taylor & Francis on behalf of Oxfam GB. ISSN: 0961-4524. Editor: Deborah Eade. Available online.
A multi-disciplinary journal of practice-based analysis and research concerning the social dimensions of development and humanitarianism. Serving development professionals worldwide, it seeks to challenge current assumptions, stimulate new thinking, and shape future ways of working. Special thematic and guest-edited issues are published regularly. Web: <developmentinpractice.org>
Feminist Economics: published three times a year by Routledge, Taylor & Francis on behalf of the International Association for Feminist Economics. ISSN: 1354-5701. Editor: Diana Strassmann. Available online.
A scholarly journal on the role of gender in the economy to promote a rethinking of theory and policy from a feminist perspective, explore the construction and legitimation of economic knowledge, and stimulate dialogue and debate among diverse scholars worldwide.
Gender and Development: published three times a year by Oxfam GB. ISSN: 1355-2074. Editor: Caroline Sweetman.
Focusing on international gender and development issues, this theme-based journal aims to debate best practice and new ideas, and to make the links between theoretical and practical work in this field. Each issue is published by Oxfam in book form in the Focus on Gender series. Recent titles include Gender and Lifecycles (2000), Gender in the 21st Century (2000), Women, Land, and Agriculture (1999), and Violence Against Women (1998).
Journal of Environment and Development: A Review of International Policy: published quarterly by Sage. ISSN: 1070-4965. Editor: Gordon F. MacDonald.
Seeking to further research and debate on the nexus of environment and development issues at every level, the journal provides a forum that bridges the parallel policy debates among policy makers, lawyers, academics, business people, and NGO activists worldwide.
Journal of Human Development: published twice yearly by Carfax, Taylor & Francis on behalf of UNDP. ISSN: 1464-9888. Editors: Sakiko Fakuda-Parr, Richard Jolly, and Khadija Haq.
Since human development, popularised by UNDP, is becoming a 'school of thought', the journal acts as a conduit for its members and critics, by publishing original work on the concept, measurement, and/or practice of human development at global, national, and local levels.
Journal of Humanitarian Assistance: (electronic only) published at the University of Bradford School of Peace Studies: <www.jha.ac>. ISSN: 1360-0222. Editors: Jim Whitman, Chris Alden, and David Pocock.
Seeking to facilitate communication among diverse practitioners and analysts within the community of humanitarian actors, this electronic journal offers free access to more than 3000 documents covering all aspects of humanitarian assistance including law, politics, the military, logistics, and the work of national and international organisations.
Millennium: Journal of International Studies: published three times a year by the Millennium Publishing Group, London School of Economics, ISSN: 0305-8298. Editors: Pavlos Hatzopoulos and Fabio Petito.
Covers topics such as international relations, democracy, and poverty and humanitarianism in a global political and economic context. See 1996 Special Issue, 'Poverty in World Politics: Whose Global Era?'
Nonprofits and Voluntary Sector Quarterly: published quarterly by Sage, ISSN: 0899-7640. Editor: Steve Rathgeb Smith.
A research-based journal focusing on voluntarism, citizen participation, philanthropy, civil society, and non-profit organisations. See especially Vol. 28 Supplemental, 1999: Globalization and Northern NGOs: The Challenge of Relief and Development in a Changing Context.
Race & Class A Journal for Black and Third World Liberation: published quarterly by Sage on behalf of The Institute of Race Relations, ISSN: 0306-3968. Editors: A Sivanandan and Hazel Waters.
A multidisciplinary journal on contemporary forms of racism and imperialism, covering issues ranging from culture and identity, to globalisation, debt, human trafficking, and the information revolution.
Voluntas: published quarterly by Plenum Publishing Corporation for the International Society for Third-Sector Research, ISSN: 0957-8765. Editor: Jeremy Kendall.
An interdisciplinary forum for empirical and theoretical analysis and debate about issues of relevance to the non-profit sector, the journal aims to present cutting-edge academic debate in a widely accessible form.
Organisations
Bretton Woods Project: Established in 1995 by a network of 30 UK-based NGOs, the Project circulates information, undertakes research, and monitors and advocates for change in the Bretton Woods institutions. Issues addressed include structural adjustment programmes, conditionality, and controversial large projects. Its bulletin, Bretton Woods Update, is available in print, e-mail, and web versions. New Leaf or Fig Leaf? The Challenge of the New Washington Consensus (2000), by Brendan Martin, was co-published with Public Services International (PSI). Web: <www.brettonwoodsproject.org>
CIVICUS (World Alliance for Citizen Participation): An international alliance of organisations dedicated to strengthening citizen action and civil society worldwide, CIVICUS believes that a healthy society depends upon an equitable relationship among its citizens, their associations and foundations, business, and government. Publications include Rajesh Tandon and Miguel Darcy de Oliveira (co-ordinators) (1994) CITIZENS: Strengthening Global Civil Society; and Leslie M. Fox and S. Bruce Schearer (eds.) (1997) Sustaining Civil Society: Strategies for Resource Mobilisation. Web: <www.civicus.org>
Corporate Watch: Part of the Transnational Resource and Action Center (TRAC) based in San Francisco, Corporate Watch provides news, analysis, research, tools, and resources to monitor and respond to corporate activity around the globe, with a focus on corporate accountability, human rights, and social and environmental justice. Web: <www.corpwatch.org>
ELDIS: Includes descriptions and links to more than 3000 organisations and more than 6000 full-text online documents, covering development and environmental issues. Web: <www.eldis.org>
FoodFirst International Network (FIAN): An international human-rights organisation working in the field of economic human rights, as codified in international law. Its magazine, Hungry for What is Right, is available in French and Spanish. Food and Freedom by Rolf Kunnermann, is a textbook for human-rights education. Web: <www.fian.org>
International Development Research Centre (IDRC): A public corporation created by the Canadian government, IDRC seeks to help organisations in developing countries to find research-based solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems. IDRC publishes extensively in English, French, and Spanish. Recent titles include Transnational Social Policies: The New Development Challenges of Globalization; Altered States: Globalization, Sovereignty, and Governance; and Cultivating Peace: Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management. Its comprehensive website houses a vast documentation centre. Web: <www.idrc.org.ca>
Interhemispheric Resource Center (IRC): A research and resource centre that publishes widely (in English and Spanish) on US foreign and economic policy and seeks to advance reform agendas for the benefit of ordinary citizens in the Americas. It hosts the Border Information and Outreach Service (BIOS), which tracks the negative impact of NAFTA, the first regional trading area to include both Northern and Southern partners. Web: <www.irc-online.org>
Jubilee 2000: The best-known international anti-debt movement, with national chapters in more than 65 countries, advocating a debt-free start to the millennium. Web: <www.jubileee2000uk.org>
The North-South Institute: Though focusing much of its work on Canadian foreign policy, NSI's research supports global efforts to strengthen international development co-operation, improve governance, enhance gender and social equity in globalising markets, and prevent ethnic conflict and other forms of conflict. Its research is shared through publications, seminars, and conferences. The Institute collaborates closely with IDRC (see above) and with the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in Canada. Web: www.nsi-ins.ca
Oxfam GB: A member of the Oxfam International (OI) alliance, Oxfam GB is one of the largest international aid agencies in the UK. It publishes extensively on development and humanitarian issues, both alone and in conjunction with others. Publications range from educational materials for schools to specialist works for development professionals. Best-selling backlist titles not listed in separate entries include The Oxfam Gender Training Manual (1995) (also available in Portuguese and Spanish), The Oxfam Handbook of Development and Relief (1995), The Oxfam Poverty Report (1995), The Trade Trap (1996, 2nd edn), Capacity Building: An Approach to People-Centred Development (1997), and Microfinance and Poverty Reduction (1997). Full catalogue listing on <www.oxfam.org.uk>
Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI): An international NGO dedicated to the conservation and sustainable improvement of agricultural biodiversity, and to the socially responsible development of technologies for the benefit of rural societies. Publications and resources are in English, French, and Spanish. Web: <www.rafi.org>
Society for Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA) promotes people-centred development initiatives within the perspectives of participatory research. It seeks to strengthen popular knowledge, demystify domininant concepts, and work for the empowerment of the poor. It publishes extensively in English and Hindi on subjects such as advocacy, capacity building, and participation and governance. Web: <www.pria.org>
UN Non-governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) works with NGOs and their networks worldwide, both in facilitating their access to and providing information about the UN system, and acting as a communication channel for the UN agencies to the NGO sector. It publishes regular bulletins (in English and in French), such as Go-Between, and several occasional publications and series. Most publications are available free of charge.
