Governance and public policy

The author charts the progress of the United Nations (UN) in moving towards a more holistic view of human rights, specifically drawing examples from their resolutions about the phenomenon of forced eviction. He argues that campaigners, organisations and trade unions should use the strong UN resolutions on this issue to protect the right to housing, since most governments are not likely to publicise or necessarily comply with UN pronouncements. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader [13]Development in States of War.

This article explores the prospects for indigenous and foreign NGOs in post-Mao China. The structural complexity of the emerging NGO sector in China is illustrated by a typology of the new social organisations which have flourished in the last ten years. The author considers the factors favouring the expansion of this intermediary sector of quasi- and non-governmental activity, but also analyses the factors constraining the emergence in the near future of a vibrant NGO sector.

The 1994 World University Service annual conference, held at the London School of Economics in March 1994, discussed the role of northern NGOs in the processes of democratisation and reconstruction in developing societies. The participants considered the function of NGOs as advocates of policy (something the opening speaker, Lynda Chalker, then British Minister for Overseas Development, failed to recognise), and the importance of gender in human rights abuse issues.

The article consists of a consensus document, The Rio Statement, produced at `Reproductive Health and Justice: International Women's Health Conference for Cairo `94'. This conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in January 1994, in preparation for the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) to be held in Cairo in September of the same year.

It can be argued that immigration restrictions constitute a form of 'global apartheid', ensuring that poorer sections of world society are prevented, by legal and physical force, from sharing in the world's sum of riches. This article seeks to develop this theme, by arguing that immigration controls are based on dubious ethical and practical foundations, and that development NGOs should be willing, in their educational and advocacy work, to challenge their validity.

This article reports on the findings of the International Study of Spontaneous Voluntary Repatriation, begun by the authors in 1986, and involving case studies on return to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It discusses the lack of recognition in both policy and practice of the pervasiveness of refugee-induced repatriation, and of repatriation during conflict; and offers new assumptions regarding the pattern and process of contemporary repatriation and of refugee decision-making.

In many less developed countries (LDCs) that are undergoing economic adjustment the promotion of the agricultural sector is constrained by resource limitations that include finance, and human and institutional capacity. The inability of the state to provide essential agricultural services, for example, agricultural extension and research, leaves a void that could be filled by specialised organisations within the non-governmental sector (NGOs).

While there is considerable documented experience of decentralisation of health services in rural areas of developing countries, the decentralisation of health services in the urban context is rarely analysed. Urban development literature usually fails to address health issues, while the literature on decentralisation of health services tends to ignore the urban sector.

The annual international conference of the Catholic Institute for International Relations took place in London in December 1993, and was concerned with problems arising when countries emerge from experiencing gross human rights violations. The delegates agreed that the `right to truth' was central to human development and democracy, and that Truth Commissions had played a part in establishing this right. Development agencies should make this right central to their understanding of justice.

In 1981, Nicaragua was awarded UNESCO's Nadezhda K Krupskaya prize in recognition of the success of the 1980 National Literacy Crusade (CNA) through which, it was claimed, three quarters of the country's illiterate had been taught to read and write. This article reports the follow-up of several hundred female CNA graduates. It finds that, a decade later, a significant proportion of them are no longer able to read or write; and that of those who can, many had previously attended formal schooling as a child for several years.