Governance and public policy

The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) took place in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. This report covers the main areas of international agreement and also discusses what was not achieved, from the point of view of development NGOs in attendance. There was evidence, among the 107 heads of State and Government present, of increased concern and awareness of the links between the environment and development. Failures to agree on certain issues were treated optimistically by participants since it was felt the `road from Rio' - what happens next - is what is important.

This article presents results of a quantitative/qualitative enquiry into ‘transformative learning’ and ‘mind-change’ dynamics among rural community representatives participating in the Government of Afghanistan’s National Solidarity Programme [NSP]: a community-driven, nationwide initiative to rehabilitate the country’s infrastructure.

This article examines the growth in relations that have occurred between Multilateral Agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations during the past decade. It identifies three substantive debates in the MLAs on participatory development, value for money and the role of the public sector in social service delivery that have served to promote greater interest in NGOs for efficiency reasons. The article reviews the experience of NGOs in the Bolivian Emergency Social Fund and the first attempt to create a Social Investment Fund in Guatemala.

Population-control programmes can violate basic human rights and be a form of violence against women. The author presents her views on family planning as a form of social control arising from a neo-Malthusian world view which blames poverty and environmental degradation on population growth while obscuring the real causes: the increasing control of economic, political and environmental resources by a growing international elite. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader Development for Health.

Many NGOs around the world are moving beyond conventional project work with its emphasis on `doing' and are attempting to enhance their impact through `influencing'. There are four inter-connected approaches: project replication, grassroots mobilisation, influencing policy reform and international advocacy. Each of these calls for a more strategic relationship between NGOs and governments. For NGOs to move to an effective `influencing' mode requires new skills and a new relationship between Northern and Southern NGOs.

It is now two years since the Government of President Fernando Collor de Mello took office in Brazil. This article assesses its effectiveness in implementing its environmental policies and resolving social conflicts in the Amazon in the run-up to the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development. It examines some of the political and economic problems which have beset the new environmental programme, and gives an account of the response of Brazilian NGOs to some of the Government's main initiatives.

A recent report by the World Bank reiterates the widely-held view that donor agencies commit large amounts of funding in the immediate post-conflict phase, only for this to taper off to more `normal' levels once the crisis is over. The World Bank criticises this phenomenon, referred to as `frontloading', claiming that damages the prospects of economic growth, which in turn undermines the peace.

The overarching challenge facing the growing number of international peace-building interventions is to achieve sustainable peace. This paper illustrates this proposition through a brief investigation of the situation in East Timor as the UN mission withdraws at the five-year state-building mark, and in Haiti as a ninth UN mission is established.

This annotated list highlights some 70 recent publications and organisations that focus primarily on what happens after rather than before or during armed conflict. Issues covered include the political, economic, and social aspects of post-war reconstruction, and questions related to transitional justice and post-conflict reconciliation, and we have sought to offer a sample of the growing theoretical and empirical literature analysing the contemporary challenges involved in peace building and post-war reconstruction.

In recent years understanding of poverty and of ways in which people escape from or fall into poverty has become more holistic. This should improve the capabilities of policy analysts and others working to reduce poverty, but it also makes analysis more complex. This article describes a simple schema which integrates multidimensional, multilevel, and dynamic understandings of poverty, of poor people’s livelihoods, and of changing roles of agricultural systems.