Este artículo analiza las publicaciones de la calle de la International Network of Street Papers (INSP). Argumenta que las publicaciones de la calle pueden empoderar a los sin techo a través de diversos mecanismos que propician el cambio social. El empoderamiento se da mediante la reinserción laboral como vendedores de la revista y/o trabajadores de empresas sociales. También al recuperar la dignidad y adquirir conocimientos y habilidades mediante cursos de capacitación, terapias de rehabilitación y proyectos como la universidad de los sin techo. Otra forma de empoderamiento sucede al dar “voz a los sin voz” permitiendo que la gente en situación de calle publique sus experiencias, ideas y opiniones en las revistas. El empoderamiento colectivo ocurre mediante la creación de redes locales de solidaridad con las revistas y de una comunidad internacional de los sin techo que fortalece los proyectos y facilita acciones para el cambio social.
Volume 4
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In English only
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What are the implications for NGOs of the increasingly unpredictable environment in which they work? This article highlights lessons from the natural sciences and from private-sector management. If development is about the process of change, then we need a more refined analysis of what change is. Food crises and conflicts are about struggles over power and rights and are, therefore, but moments in continuing processes of change. Strategic intervention demands an understanding of such change if it is to trigger wider transformations. It also demands a different style of management and an increased degree of collaboration with other agencies.
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This article reports on the findings of the International Study of Spontaneous Voluntary Repatriation, begun by the authors in 1986, and involving case studies on return to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It discusses the lack of recognition in both policy and practice of the pervasiveness of refugee-induced repatriation, and of repatriation during conflict; and offers new assumptions regarding the pattern and process of contemporary repatriation and of refugee decision-making. Lastly, it examines some repatriation issues for the 1990s: fragile peace and tenuous security; protection of the voluntary nature of return; dealing with non-recognised entities; and post-return assistance, particularly the need to focus on rehabilitation before development and to provide refugee-centred aid.
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The last few years have seen a major rethinking of some of the hallowed assumptions of range ecology and range-management practice. The usefulness of terms such as 'vegetation succession', 'carrying capacity', and 'desertification' is being reassessed, particularly for the dry rangelands which are dominated by highly variable rainfall and episodic, chance events such as drought. This article examines the management and policy implications of this thinking for pastoral development in dryland areas. It briefly examines the consequences of environmental variability for pastoral development planning, range and fodder management, drought responses, livestock marketing, resource tenure, institutional development, and pastoral administration. By offering new directions for development workers, researchers, and policy planners, the article illustrates, in practical terms, a future for pastoral development in dryland Africa that recognises both the importance of pastoral livelihoods and the significance of environmental variability.
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It can be argued that immigration restrictions constitute a form of 'global apartheid', ensuring that poorer sections of world society are prevented, by legal and physical force, from sharing in the world's sum of riches. This article seeks to develop this theme, by arguing that immigration controls are based on dubious ethical and practical foundations, and that development NGOs should be willing, in their educational and advocacy work, to challenge their validity.
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In 1979, the Government of Norway pledged financial support to launch an Integrated Rural Development Programme in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, which aimed to increase income, employment and production as well as improvement of social conditions and living standards of the people in the area, with special emphasis on the poorest groups. The process involved data collection, establishment of target groups, definition of the problem, project identification, project formulation and project implementation. Staff attempted to involve local people in all these stages. The projects fell into three categories: community social development; individual social development; and income/employment generation. Local-level participation helped the project staff to identify the problems and real needs of the people and to formulate appropriate projects. This helped certain socially deprived groups to highlight their needs. Social development projects benefited the people most. But they did not contribute directly to alleviating poverty through income-generation, because such work was done with voluntary labour. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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This article is based on research commissioned by Save the Children Fund (SCF) into five family-tracing programmes in five African countries. The author describes the stages involved in tracing the families of children, and highlights the efforts that must be made at each stage to ensure the interests of each child are paramount, and are being considered on an individual, case-by-case basis. This article also appears in Development in States of War.
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The article consists of a consensus document, The Rio Statement, produced at `Reproductive Health and Justice: International Women's Health Conference for Cairo `94'. This conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in January 1994, in preparation for the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) to be held in Cairo in September of the same year.
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The 1994 World University Service annual conference, held at the London School of Economics in March 1994, discussed the role of northern NGOs in the processes of democratisation and reconstruction in developing societies. The participants considered the function of NGOs as advocates of policy (something the opening speaker, Lynda Chalker, then British Minister for Overseas Development, failed to recognise), and the importance of gender in human rights abuse issues.
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Peter Coleridge discusses issues raised by Brian O'Toole and Geraldine Maison-Halls ([12]Development in Practice 4(1)) outlining the use of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in providing services to disabled people in low-income countries. The author outlines his own experiences researching the use of CBR, consisting of interviews with disabled people living in various circumstances and ranging from leaders of disability movements to mothers of children with mental impairments, in Zimbabwe, Zanzibar, India, Lebanon and the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Jonathon Benthall also replies to criticism of his book Disasters, Relief and the Media.
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In English only
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En el sur de Africa una importante sequía durante 1992-93 amenazó con tener consecuencias devastadoras para los campesinos empobrecidos de la región. Este artículo describe el enfoque no convencional de mitigación de desastre que impulsó Oxfam en Zambia. El enfoque permitió que la gente local sin mayor experiencia organizativa estableciera un diálogo real con autoridades gubernamentales; lo que permitió asentar las bases de actividades de desarrollo de largo plazo. El papel del cabildeo a nivel local y de las campañas a nivel internacional fueron decisivos. This article is freely available as a chapter in Development and Advocacy and in Development and Social Action.
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The annual international conference of the Catholic Institute for International Relations took place in London in December 1993, and was concerned with problems arising when countries emerge from experiencing gross human rights violations. The delegates agreed that the `right to truth' was central to human development and democracy, and that Truth Commissions had played a part in establishing this right. Development agencies should make this right central to their understanding of justice.
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While there is considerable documented experience of decentralisation of health services in rural areas of developing countries, the decentralisation of health services in the urban context is rarely analysed. Urban development literature usually fails to address health issues, while the literature on decentralisation of health services tends to ignore the urban sector. This article addresses the relationship between a Ministry of Health and a City Council and identifies key issues to consider in the decentralisation of urban health activities: roles and responsibilities; legislation; co-ordination and communication; and resource constraints. The case study from Maseru, Lesotho highlights aspects of planning which need to be considered by national and local governments which are trying to strengthen urban health activities by decentralisation.
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In many less developed countries (LDCs) that are undergoing economic adjustment the promotion of the agricultural sector is constrained by resource limitations that include finance, and human and institutional capacity. The inability of the state to provide essential agricultural services, for example, agricultural extension and research, leaves a void that could be filled by specialised organisations within the non-governmental sector (NGOs). NGOs as a whole need not fear the loss of other advantages but rather welcome the contracting out to specialist agencies of those activities that hitherto have been the domain of inefficient and ineffective government services.
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This paper develops issues raised in Hans Buwalda's article `Children of war in the Philippines'. It examines issues in training ethnic workers in areas of recent or on-going armed conflict, in mental health work. It explores the possibilities of combining Western therapeutic techniques with the local and culturally appropriate ways of working. It stresses the need to acknowledge and address the emotional impact of the work and participants' own concerns, and discusses the kind of support workers need. It looks at teaching methods and course content, with a view to creating a safe atmosphere and an interesting programme, taking into account cultural considerations. Finally it suggests ways of developing models of training for the future. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader Development for Health.
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Land distribution in South Africa has always favoured white farmers. This article examines lessons from the history of land reform policies in Brazil, Bolivia and Chile, looking at problems of rural poverty, landlessness and dispossession. Political developments in South Africa may limit the scope for land reform. In October 1993, the World Bank presented its first main proposal for land reform in South Africa, in which it is advocated that the primary mechanism of land reform should be redistribution through the market with significant state support. The guiding principle of the Bank's proposal is political and economic liberalization, making agriculture more efficient through changes in pricing and marketing. Land reform is only one economic strategy to address the needs of the rural poor. If land distribution is not followed and supported by technical and financial support and services, the new owners or users might be unable to use the land effectively. The different categories of people that agrarian reform aims to benefit are also mentioned. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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In 1989, Save the Children Fund (UK) began an experimental project to plant mangroves along a coastal estuary in the Thach Ha district of Ha Tinh province in northern central Vietnam. It was designed and managed by the district forestry and water management officials and implemented through the commune People's Committees. This article looks at the project's goals, with environmental and production oriented views. Its sustainability is judged and the longer-term issues of sustainability, including financial support, ownership rights and enforcement of protection are also addressed. The project has been a basis for a sustainable model of environmental protection and income generation. There are both economic and general benefits, including: protection against salination of fields through flooding; a reduction in time spent on dyke repairs; increased potential for aquaculture in the area; protection against the wind for houses and boats; increased fishing activities; sale or use of seedlings; and increased availability of wood for fuel. It is hoped that this project will promote similar work in other parts of Vietnam. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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This article examines the Christian Service Committee (CSC) Agricultural Pilot Programme in Malawi, funded by Christian Aid (UK) and ICFID of Canada. It aims to address some of the constraints faced by the poorest farmers and to demonstrate to the government better ways of supporting the small-holder sector. Two key objectives were to demonstrate that the churches are effective channels for disseminating agricultural messages to farmers, in particular to poor women farmers, and to produce a simple but effective package of agricultural improvements which are appropriate and popular. Evaluation showed that working through church groups was an effective strategy with more women being reached than through the farmers' club system. In general, such a package needs to be viewed with caution as it is potentially a top-down approach. Its success here is attributed to the fact that it meets the pressing needs of poorer farmers in Malawi, allows attainable targets to be achieved, and that the development workers have built up real expertise and are respected by farmers. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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In real development, information can sometimes be more important than funding, but has to be accessible and appropriate for it to work. Field-level development can be frustrating and difficult; the mass of information may be overwhelming as well as limited in practical detail or real application. There is often a limited institutional memory and therefore a lack of history. This article seeks ways of dealing with the problem and examines information flows to the south and suggests that they should be traded rather than given as overseas aid. Ways of passing information to development workers are suggested. It is the responsibility of those working in development to promote change in the south and to organize flows of information in such a way that meets needs. Examples given include: co-publishing, creating a market for books, improving communication between development workers and use of non-print media. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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Institutional care for children separated from their family (for whatever reason) continues to be the first choice of governments of developing countries. The long-term consequences of institutionalisation can be severe and in 1991, Save the Children Fund (UK) (SCFUK) initiated a research programme to examine the experience SCF and its partners have had of working with such children throughout Africa and Asia. The author cautiously advocates adoption, where possible, as a viable alternative to residential care.
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In English only
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Political armed conflict has important ramifications in the lives of children as individuals and in terms of social development more generally. However, the emotional problems faced by children during and after war or political violence are rarely considered in development literature and practice. This article recounts the experience of working with severely traumatised children in the Philippines, using the methods of Creative Process Therapy. The report shows how a Western therapeutic model was successfully modified for application in a Filipino children's rehabilitation centre and suggests that this experience offers possibilities for appropriate replication in other settings.
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This article discusses the difficulties of reaching relatively poor populations with labour saving technologies. Taking the case of milling and dehulling technologies in Senegal and The Gambia, it presents a simple analytic model that helps to explain why the vast majority of these labour saving machines are under-utilised in rural areas. Though donors continue to widely support such projects, in few cases do they provide significant benefits to the broad population in the short term, and neither are they sustainable in the longer term. The key constraint is the lack of effective demand due to rural women's limited income-generating opportunities. In the time saved using a machine to dehull or mill their coarse grains, they are unable to earn enough money even to pay the fees to use the machine, much less to gain a surplus.
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This article examines the challenge facing the rehabilitation of disabled persons, particularly children, as we approach the end of the twentieth century. The potential of a community-based model of rehabilitation is considered in the light of experience gained in five districts of Guyana. Rehabilitation is conceived as part of a wider perspective on community development, in which rural people take on key roles in the process.
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In 1981, Nicaragua was awarded UNESCO's Nadezhda K Krupskaya prize in recognition of the success of the 1980 National Literacy Crusade (CNA) through which, it was claimed, three quarters of the country's illiterate had been taught to read and write. This article reports the follow-up of several hundred female CNA graduates. It finds that, a decade later, a significant proportion of them are no longer able to read or write; and that of those who can, many had previously attended formal schooling as a child for several years. An assessment of national census and survey figures suggests that about 9 percent of the population became literate solely as a consequence of Nicaragua's ambitious adult education interventions in the l980s. Other benefits, such as its impact on child health and survival, have yet to be quantified.
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This article discusses the intermediaries between donor and beneficiary; the southern NGOs and other groups and institutions who are the recipients of grants and who carry responsibility for delivering the project to the intended population. The role of southern NGOs has changed, and so has the northern donor context; thus agencies like Oxfam have to reconcile pressures and priorities in which southern partners' interests figure less prominently than before. The article proves the value of partners, also to challenge donors to demonstrate that they are adding as much value as possible in the donor/intermediary/beneficiary relationship. It is suggested that the principal contribution of donors such as Oxfam should be in more imaginative use of their comparative advantages. Northern funding for NGO partners is much affected by the way in which Southern NGOs vary, according to their many different national contexts and histories. In the 1990s, northern development NGO donors are moving away from some of the assumptions of development practice in the last two decades. This has led to questioning of relationships with southern NGOs and to re-examination of the comparative advantages and distinctive contributions of different donors. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader Development and Patronage. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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From December 1987 to January 1988, a team of medical personnel from the Korle-Bu teaching hospital undertook an epidemiological study in the Krobo district to study the efficiency and potency of a Korean and Zairean herbal preparation. Findings showed that: more people with HIV/AIDS remained undetected in their homes than the number who reported in the hospitals; the disease was recognized as one for those who traveled outside the country; some related HIV infection to evil spirits; and certain hospitals were afraid of being labeled as having AIDS in the hospitals. Community, church and NGO involvement in case-identification, mobilization, education, treatment and support was stressed. St. Martins clinic at Agomanya took in many of the HIV/AIDS sufferers in the area. The clinic tried to involve the community in the education and support of sufferers, to provide home-based nursing care, counseling services, social and pastoral support and provide income-generating activities for young people in the area. The services provided were: outpatient care; home care; pastoral care and social services. The programme was evaluated to judge whether the needs of the community and patients were met by the services provided and to draw lessons for the future. Between 1988 and 1991, there was an increase in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS and receiving home-based care. Some recommendations were put forward, including: the importance of political involvement to support in the areas of personnel, finance and material from the national, regional and district levels; employment opportunities for young people in rural areas; and educational programmes on HIV/AIDS in existing activities. It is also suggested that churches and Christian families should play a leading role in promoting sex education and moral values. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
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Cooperatives in general are considered to be in crisis, dominated by self-centered and short-sighted outsiders seeking power. The Primary Agricultural Cooperatives (PACs) in India, which were considered to be the nucleus of rural life, have lost their values and character and appear to have nothing to do with the people whom they were intended to benefit. This is due to: the PACs' failure to recycle credit effectively; their failure to become self-supporting; and intervention and interference in the form of State partnership. The three factors are closely interrelated. The failure to recycle funds results in excessive dependence or loss of self-reliance, leading to a gradual increase in State intervention. Members become isolated from their own organisations. This paper looks at PACs in India and whether financial intervention through state partnership and questions whether it could solve the problems of PACs. The concept of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is examined and suggested as a possible approach to sort out the problems of PACs. PRA may be appropriate for revitalising primary agricultural credit co-operatives. Abstract supplied by kind permission of CABI.
