Sector social

Fundamental conceptual tensions underlie current debates regarding the implementation of psychosocial interventions with war-affected populations. Three particular tensions structuring current discourse concern the generalisability versus uniqueness of relevant knowledge, the valuing of technical versus indigenous understandings, and the planning of targeted versus community-based intervention. The implications of working out these tensions in the implementation of programmes are explored, leading to the proposal of a model of phased response to psychosocial needs.

The author presents the views of Thailand's Population and Community Development Association (PDA - Thailand's largest NGO) about how to provide women attracted to the commercial sex industry (CSI) with economically viable alternatives to this accepted (in Thailand) type of `manual labour'. Research has shown that poverty is the major factor cited by voluntary commercial sex workers (CSWs) as influencing their move into the industry, and that economic development is their way out.

The author provides a summary of important lessons learned from adult educational activities and research in Latin America. Basic learning skills are defined as the skills needed in order to provide for ones basic needs, in turn based on the current understanding of human rights, and while literacy training is often regarded as the primary developmental tool in this respect, illiteracy is only one symptom of inequality and poverty. Schmelkes makes values the central element in her notion of competence.

Regenerated Freirean Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques (REFLECT) is an approach to adult literacy programmes which borrows from Paolo Freire's `active dialogue' method and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques. Developed by ACTIONAID, the authors describe and assess the use of REFLECT in pilot studies in Uganda and in Bangladesh, providing very positive feedback on this learning methodology; they argue that it allows for a synthesis of empowerment and literacy, although its flexibility - whether it will work in urban areas, with refugees etc - needs to be tested.

Los niños de la calle fueron una ausencia notable de los diez puntos de acción del plan dispuesto por la Cumbre Mundial de los Niños de 1990, aun cuando éllos son comúnmente vistos en las ciudades del tercer mundo y viven en algunas de las condiciones más extremas de pobreza. Este artículo observa la experiencia de trabajar con los niños de la calle en la ciudad mexicana de Puebla. Argumenta que la investigación presente se olvida de las dimensiones geográficas y morales del trabajo con los niños de la calle.

It is increasingly being recognised that many survivors of trauma are not best helped by psychological intervention based on the common Western patient/analyst relationship. Radda Barnen commissioned research into a variety of approaches to working with children who have been victims of conflict and/or displacement.

In 1994, the authors conducted research in the Iasi district of Romania, and present here findings about institutionalised children's aspirations, education, level of family contact and their assessment of the problems they face. The research provides some interesting pointers for those involved in programme planning, suggesting that better education and encouraging familial contact, where possible, throughout institutionalisation are more effective than strategies which seek to help the children when they leave.

Los problemas de vivienda y condiciones de vida inadecuadas que enfrentan la cuarta parte de la población mundial son encarados en el presente artículo dentro del marco de los derechos humanos, del reconocimiento internacional de los derechos básicos a acceder a un lugar adonde vivir, y a ganarse y mantener un nivel adecuado de vida. La naturaleza y escala de la crisis de vivienda apunta hacia una falla de `gobernatura' que lleva a la exclusión, la privación y la violencia a ser endémica en la sociedad: la institucionalización de vivienda y condiciones de vida inseguras e inadecuadas.

The author discusses her involvement, as a member of the Indian Women's Movement (IWM), in campaigning for increased protection under Indian law for women, and children, from sexual assault of any kind. The law at present has large gaps in it, and is formulated with the joint aims of protecting `virginal' women and protecting men at risk from the false allegations of low caste, impoverished, sexually-aware women.

The author researched women's experiences of domestic violence and abuse in Calcutta, India. She reports on their strategies for coping with and resisting this violence, noting that the majority of the women developed resistance strategies, and that in many cases these worked. A pragmatic approach is taken, since, the author argues, it is unhelpful to assume that the best course of action for these women would be to leave their partners.